Suida o Suda lessico

Lessico

Lessico Suida o Suda

Lessico bizantino d'autore ignoto, redatto intorno al sec. X. Fino al sec. XX si parlò di Suida, scorgendo nella parola un nome d'autore, secondo le testimonianze di Stefano, commentatore di Aristofane e di Eustazio di Tessalonica.

Oggi prevale l'opinione che Suida sia un titolo, per quanto la spiegazione del termine sia controversa (P.Maass: imperativo dal lat. sudare; Dolger: recinto, steccato, fossato; S.G.Mercati: corruzione dell'italiano guida).

La Suida, che è insieme un lessico e un'enciclopedia, comprende 30.000 lemmi ordinati in base alla pronuncia bizantina (il che porta a deroghe dal normale ordine alfabetico) e contiene spiegazioni di vocaboli e articoli di geografia, scienza, biografia, storia, letteratura. Di scarso valore nella parte lessicale, l'opera, che conobbe largo successo nel Medioevo e in età umanistica, è tuttora preziosa per gli articoli biografici e letterari, che forniscono ai filologi classici notizie spesso confuse, ma inattingibili da altra fonte.

Le fonti principali della Suida sono i lessici tardi, come quello di Arpocrazione, gli scolii a vari autori classici, gli storici bizantini (ampia la rielaborazione di Esichio di Mileto), le enciclopedie dell'età di Costantino VII Porfirogenito, in seguito perdute. L'editio princeps del 1499 la si deve a Demetrio Calcondila.

Suda

The Suda (or alternatively Suidas) is a massive 10th century Byzantine Greek historical encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world. It is an encyclopedic lexicon with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost. The derivation is from the Byzantine Greek word suda, meaning "fortress" or "stronghold". The alternate name, Suidas, stems from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the proper name of the author.
Background

Little is known of the compilation of this work, except that it must have been before Eustathius (12th century), who frequently quotes it. Under the heading "Adam" the author of the lexicon (which a prefatory note states to be "by Suidas") gives a brief chronology of the world, ending with the death of the emperor John Zimisces (975), and under Constantinople his successors Basil II and Constantine VIII (accession 1025) are mentioned.

It would thus appear that the Suda was compiled in the latter part of the 10th century. Passages referring to Michael Psellus (end of the 11th century) are considered later interpolations.

It includes numerous quotations from ancient writers; the scholiasts on Aristophanes, Homer, Sophocles and Thucydides are also much used. The biographical notices, the author tells us, are condensed from the Onomatologion or Pinax of Hesychius of Miletus; other sources were the excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the chronicle of Georgius Monachus, the biographies of Diogenes Laërtius and the works of Athenaeus and Philostratus.

The work deals with biblical as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian. A prefatory note gives a list of dictionaries from which the lexical portion was compiled, together with the names of their authors. Although the work is uncritical and probably much interpolated, and the value of the articles is very unequal, it contains much information on ancient history and life. The Suda was critically edited by the Danish scholar Ada Adler (Leipzig, 1928-1938).

Suidas's lexicon is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense. He explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of his period, using such earlier authorities as Harpocration and Helladios. There is nothing especially important about this part of his work. It is the articles on literary history that are valuable. In these he supplies details and quotations from authors whose works are otherwise lost. He uses older scholia to the classics (Homer, Thucydides, Sophocles, etc.), and for later writers, Polybius, Josephus, the Chronicon Paschale, George Syncellus, George Hamartolus, and so on. This lexicon represents a convenient work of reference for persons who played a part in political, ecclesiastical, and literary history in the East down to the tenth century. His chief source for this is the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912-59), and for Roman history the excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century). Krumbacher (Byzantinische Literatur, 566) counts two main sources of his work: Constantine VII for ancient history, and Hamartolus (Georgios Monachos) for the Byzantine age.

Organization

The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations. According to a system (formerly common in many languages) called antistoichia; namely the letters follow phonetically, in order of sound (of course in the pronunciation of Suidas's time, which is similar to that of Modern Greek). So for instance alpha-iota comes after epsilon; epsilon-iota, eta-iota come together after zeta, omega after omicron, and so on. The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but in some modern editions (Immanuel Bekker) the work is rearranged alphabetically.

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. - This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.

Suidas
Souidas - Soudas

Author of, perhaps, the most important Greek lexicon or encyclopedia. Nothing is known of Suidas himself except that he lived about the middle of the tenth century, apparently at Constantinople, and that he was probably an ecclesiastical person devoted to literary studies. But his lexicon is one of the most valuable documents of Greek philology, grammar, and literary history. He uses material from the classical period down to his own time; a long chain of later authors, from Eustathius of Thessalonica (c. 1192), quote from him. Suidas's lexicon is something between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense.

He explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of his period, using such earlier authorities as Harpokration and Helladios. There is nothing specially important about this part of his work. It is the articles on literary history that are valuable. In these he gives a supply of details and to some extent quotations, from authors whose works are otherwise lost. He uses older scholia to the classics (Homer, Thucydides, Sophocles, etc.), and for later writers, Polybius, Josephus, the "Chronicon Paschale", George Syncellus, George Hamartolus, and so on.

So his lexicon represents a convenient work of reference for persons who played a part in political, ecclesiastical, and literary history in the East down to the tenth century. His chief source for this is the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912-59), and for Roman history the excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century). Krumbacher (op. cit., 566) counts two main sources of his work: Constantine VII for ancient history, Hamartolus (Georgios Monarchos) for the Byzantine age.

The lexicon is arranged, not quite alphabetically, but according to a system (formerly common in many languages) called antistoichia; namely the letters follow phonetically, in order of sound (of course in the pronunciation of Suidas's time, which is the same as modern Greek). So for instance alpha-iota comes after epsilon; epsilon-iota, eta-iota come together after zeta, omega after omicron, and so on. The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but in some modern editions (Bekker) the work is rearranged alphabetically. Suidas contains much material for church history among his biographical articles. But there is very little of this kind that is not also known from other sources. His lexicon may still fulfil its original purpose as a convenient work of reference. Demetrios Chalkondyles published the editio princeps at Milan in 1499.

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