Lessico
Seneca il Vecchio
Lucio
Anneo Seneca - Lucius Annaeus Seneca - (Cordova ca. 50 aC – Roma ca. 40
dC) detto Seneca il Vecchio oppure Seneca il Retore per distinguerlo dal più
illustre e omonimo figlio, è stato uno scrittore romano del I secolo dC. Di
agiata famiglia equestre di origine italica, arrivò a Roma giovanissimo nel
43 aC dove, a parte alcuni brevi soggiorni a Cordova, rimase per tutta la
vita. Durante la giovinezza si formò presso la scuola di declamazione. Il suo
oratore preferito era Cicerone
,
disapprovando così la tendenza alla spettacolarizzazione dell'oratoria tipica
del suo tempo. Nel 10 dC sposò Elvia con cui ebbe tre figli: Marco Anneo
Novato, che fu governatore dell'Acaia, Lucio Anneo Seneca il
famoso filosofo e scrittore, e Marco Anneo Mela, padre del poeta Lucano. A
dispetto del soprannome retore non risulta che abbia mai insegnato
retorica, ma che la sua opera sia la raccolta degli insegnamenti ricevuti in
gioventù: ecco perché pur non essendo scrittore professionista decise di
trasmettere le proprie memorie e conoscenze ai figli in forma scritta. Morì
intorno al 40 dC quasi centenario.
L'opera di Seneca il Vecchio è da lui riunita sotto il titolo Oratorum et rhetorum sententiae, divisiones, colores, cioè "Le tesi sostenute nelle opere degli oratori e dei retori, la distribuzione della materia, il colorito e lo stile dell'esposizione". Il piano dell'opera comprendeva dieci libri di Controversiae e un libro di Suasoriae: a noi sono giunte sette delle Suasoriae e sei libri di Controversiae (I-III, VII e IX-X), assieme a estratti degli altri. Si tratta di lezioni di eloquenza e di retorica e forniscono un quadro preciso della formazione culturale di uno studente del tempo.
Seneca il vecchio fu anche l'autore di Historiae, un'opera storica andata interamente perduta, che narrava la storia di Roma dall'inizio delle guerre civili al periodo della sua morte e che fu pubblicata da suo figlio.
Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Rhetorician (ca. 54 BC – ca. 39 AD), was a Roman rhetorician and writer, born of a wealthy equestrian family of Cordoba, Hispania. His praenomen is uncertain, but in any case Marcus is an arbitrary conjecture of Raphael of Volterra. During a lengthy stay on two occasions at Rome, Seneca attended the lectures of famous orators and rhetoricians, to prepare for an official career as an advocate. His ideal orator was Cicero, and Seneca disapproved of the florid tendencies of the oratory of his time. During the civil wars, his sympathies, like those of his native place, were probably with Pompey, as were those of his son and his grandson (the poet Lucan). By his wife Helvia of Corduba, he had three sons: Lucius Annaeus Novatus, adopted by his father's friend, the rhetorician Lucius Junius Gallio, and subsequently called Lucius Junius Annaeus Gallio; Seneca the Younger; and Annaeus Mela, the father of the poet Lucan. As he died before his son was banished by Claudius (41; Seneca, ad Helviam, ii. 4), and the latest references in his writings are to the period immediately after the death of Tiberius, he probably died about AD 39.
At an advanced age, at the request of his sons, he prepared, it is said from memory, a collection of various school themes and their treatment by Greek and Roman orators. These he arranged in ten books of Controversiae (imaginary legal cases) in which seventy-four themes were discussed, the opinions of the rhetoricians upon each case being given from different points of view, then their division of the case into different single questions (divisio), and, finally, the devices for making black appear white and extenuating injustice (colores). Each book was introduced by a preface, in which the characteristics of individual rhetoricians were discussed in a 'lively' manner. The work is incomplete, but the gaps can be to a certain extent 'filled up', with the aid of an epitome made in the 4th or 5th century for the use of schools. The romantic elements were utilized in the collection of anecdotes and tales called Gesta Romanorum. For Books I, II, VII, IX, and X we possess both the original and the epitome; for the remainder, we have to rely upon the epitome alone. Even with the aid of the latter, only seven of the prefaces are available.
The Controversiae were supplemented by the Suasoriae (exercises in hortatory or deliberative oratory), in which the question is discussed whether certain things 'should, or should not be done'. The whole forms the most important authority for the history of contemporary oratory.
Seneca was also the author of a lost historical work, containing the history of Rome from the beginning of the civil wars almost down to his own death, after which it was published by his son. Of this we learn something from the younger Seneca's De vita patris (H. Peter, Historicorum Romanorum fragmenta, 1883, pp. 292, 301), of which the beginning was discovered by Barthold Georg Niebuhr. The father's claim to the authorship of the rhetorical work, generally ascribed to the son during the Middle Ages, was vindicated by Raphael of Volterra and Justus Lipsius.
