Lessico
Disario
Disarius,
a physician, who may be supposed to have lived in the fifth century after
Christ, and who is introduced by Macrobius
in his Saturnalia (vii. 4)
as discoursing on dietetics and the process of digestion.
Dictionary
of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
William Smith, Boston,
1867
Occasional notices appear in the writings of proconsul Symmachus, of Roman practitioners, and of these he accords the most unstinted panegyric to Disarius, asserting that with impartial justice this professor, among all physicians in his day, was awarded the highest place (Q. Aur. Symmachus, Epistolar. Lib. III Ep. 39). Born in Aquitania according to his own statement, Disarius, after having attained to great eminence by following the avocation of medicine in the Latin metropolis, decided to return to his native province, much to the regret and lamentation of his proconsular friend and numerous patrons. Saintly aid appears to have entered extensively into the practice of Disarius, who, before applying curatives to suffering patients, demanded celestial assistance (Et ante medicus manus opem sanctos coeli clementioris expectat – Symmachus Lib. III. c. 39).
Medical
Economy During the Middle Ages
George
F. Fort – 2003
Quinto Aurelio Simmaco
Quintus
Aurelius Symmachus: uomo politico e oratore romano (ca. 340 - dopo il
402). Della nobile gens Aurelia, difensore della tradizione romana e
del paganesimo, occupò alte cariche nell'Impero: praefectus urbis nel
384-385, console nel 391. Nel 383, come membro del Senato, fece una petizione
all'imperatore Valentiniano II, la Relatio de ara Victoriae, perché
fosse ricollocato nella curia l'altare della dea Vittoria. Ma il suo tentativo
riuscì vano per l'intervento di Sant'Ambrogio.
Dei suoi molti discorsi e panegirici non rimangono che frammenti di otto
orazioni dai quali traspare il gusto ampolloso dei retori gallici al quale
Simmaco era stato educato. Ricchissimo l'epistolario, raccolto in 10 libri,
dopo la sua morte, dal figlio Quinto Fabio Memmio Simmaco. Seguendo il modello
dell'epistolario di Plinio il Giovane, i primi nove libri contengono le
lettere private, il decimo quelle ufficiali, tra cui le 49 relationes inviate
da Simmaco nella qualità di praefectus
urbis all'imperatore.
È nato prima l'uovo o la gallina?
Anche
Aldrovandi ne ha disquisito
ma succintamente
Summa
Gallicana III - IX,10
Aldrogallus
pagina 219
by Conrad H. Roth
02 January, 2006
I've been asked about the historical sources of the question, 'Which came
first, the chicken or the egg?' While this might seem something of a
sophistical query, it has in fact engaged some eminent men of the past.
William Harvey, for instance, most famous for discovering the circulation of
blood in the body in 1616, also published a treatise on reproductive biology (De
Generatione Animalium) in 1651. Here is his rather poetic formulation of
the chicken-egg question:
The egg is the terminus from which all fowls, male and female, have sprung, and to which all their lives tend — it is the result which nature has proposed to herself in their being. And thus it comes that individuals in procreating their like for the sake of their species, endure for ever. The egg, I say, is a period or portion of this eternity; for it were hard to say whether an egg exists for the sake of the chick that it engenders, or the pullet exists for the sake of the egg which it is to engender. Which of these was the prior, whether with reference to time or nature — the egg or the pullet? (Exercise 26)
His answer is a little bit too involved to quote in full. But essentially he regards the egg as the 'vital spirit' and 'efficient cause' (an Aristotelian term) of all animals, even going so far as to dissect mammals in the hopes of finding eggs too. So the egg came first: he was pretty much right! Going back a bit further, we find the same question discussed in a different context by Macrobius (c. 400 AD) in the Saturnalia; instead of a scientific treatise we are given a humanistic dialogue in the Ciceronian manner.
At this point Evangelus [the villain of the piece], who grudged the Greeks any credit, mockingly interrupted and said: Enough of this exchange of arguments. You two are only trying to show off your wealth of words. No! If your learning amounts to anything, tell me which came first — the egg or the hen?...
[Disarius:] If we admit that everything that exists has, at some time or another, had a beginning, it will be right to suppose that nature made the egg first. For at its beginning a thing is always as yet imperfect and shapeless, and it is only by the additions which come with increasing skill and the passage of time that it reaches to perfection. To fashion a bird, then, nature, beginning with something shapeless and rudimentary, made the egg, in which as yet there is no resemblance to the living creature; and it is from the egg that the complete bird, as we see it, as come — the product of a gradual process of development... [after some mystical speculations on the shape of the egg:] Now let him come forward who holds that the hen came first, and let him proceed to make his case, as follows. An egg, he will say, is neither the end nor the beginning of the creature to which it belongs. For the beginning is the seed and the end, the fully-formed bird itself, the egg being but the seed in process of development. Since, then, the seed comes from the living creature and the egg from the seed, it follows that the egg cannot have existed before the living creature, any more than the process of digesting food can take place before there is someone to do the eating. To say that the egg was made before the hen is like saying that the womb was made before the woman; and to ask how the hen could have come into existence without the egg is like asking how men were made before the existence of the organs of generation to which they owe their creation...
Disarius continues in this vein for a while, and tells Evangelus to make his own mind up. But the latter replies: 'Your inordinate volubility leads you to take seriously what was meant to be a joke.' (Book Six, Chapter 16).
Already in the Birthday Book of Censorinus, a jeu d'esprit written for the
author's friend Caerellius in 238 AD, we find the riddle mentioned in relation
to the greater problem of whether human beings had always existed or not: 'Are
birds or eggs created first, since an egg cannot be created without a bird and
a bird cannot be created without an egg?' But the debate can be pressed back
still further to Plutarch's Quaestiones Conviviales (Table Talk),
Book Two, Question 3 (found in the Loeb Moralia, volume 8, p. 145 ff.). When
the question is broached, and broached as a typical sort of jokey
symposium-topic, it is first ridiculed by two interlocutors. Then Firmus says:
Well then lend me your atoms for the moment, for if small things must be assumed to be the elements and the beginnings of large, it is likely that the egg existed first before the hen, for among sensible things the egg is indeed simple while the hen is a more intricate and complex organism. And, speaking generally, the initial cause comes first, and the seed is an initial cause; the egg is greater than the seed on the one hand, on the other less than the creature. Indeed, as development admittedly exists between innate merit and perfected virtue, so the intermediate development in nature's passage from the seed to the living creature is the egg.
Firmus is then contradicted by Sosius Senecio, a real friend of Plutarch's, and of the younger Pliny's too, whose position you will find somewhat familiar:
The world in fact pre-exists everything, for it is the most complete of all things, and it stands to reason that the complete is naturally earlier than the incomplete, as the perfect pre-exists the defective and the whole the part. For it is not reasonable to hold that the part exists if that of which it is a part does not. Thus nobody says that the man is a part of the seed or that the hen is part of the egg; rather we say that the egg is a part of the hen and the seed a part of the man, for egg and seed come into being after hen and man respectively and have their birth in them... he who raises the question how fowl came into being when the egg did not exist is in no way different from him who asks how men and women came into being before genitals and womb existed.
In the arguments of Firmus and Senecio we see the genesis of Disarius' first
and second positions. The problem is one of classical metaphysics: the part is
either seen as a stage in the development of the whole, or as something
subsequent and inferior to the whole, something 'defective'. (We see the same
slightly odd reasoning in a modern theorist: Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, about
whom more another time, argues in his 1946 The Origin of Speech that
just as 'mummy' is a nursery corruption of 'mother', so formal, beautified
speech precedes casual or informal speech.) Plato solves this one, sort of,
at least in abstract terms, by separating the perfect and imperfect into two
realms — thus the imperfect world is created by the demiurge with the idea
in mind of the perfect world, just as an architect has his ideal house in mind
before constructing the actual house. There is no problem about the temporal
priority of the perfect, because the perfect is eternal. Senecio, on the other
hand, does not claim that the perfect creature is eternal, just that it came
forth from the earth fully-formed, like Athena, and subsequently degenerated,
a sort of evolution in reverse.
It is a worldview consonant with the philologists — for whom the perfect
text (of Homer, say) was corrupted with each copy — and with the arcanists,
for whom the Truth, revealed perfect to some prior philosopher, perhaps
Pythagoras, or Trismegistus, or Adam, has since fragmented and must be pieced
together by the contemplative intellectual.
So there are a few of the extant sources; I suspect that the debate goes back
at least to inextant Aristotle, a thinker particularly interested both in
animal reproduction and in the metaphysics of cause and effect. But lest our
reader's ears are nodding, we here end our own 'inordinate volubility'.
Update 3/3/07: I couldn't resist adding this passage from More's Utopia: "The farm workers breed an enormous number of chickens by a most marvellous method. Men, not hens, hatch the eggs by keeping them in a warm place at an even temperature. As soon as they come out of the shell, the chicks recognise the men, follow them around, and are devoted to them instead of to their real mothers."
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