Cum [187] enim alii omnes Gaber virum exposuissent: ipse unus Gallum interpretatus est, hac sententia: sicut Gallus Gallinaceus humero portatoris de alio loco {tuo} <te> leviter asportabit. Ego autem idem verbum eodem modo expositum, post offendi a Salamone Iario: neque sane Camius eam expositionem silentio praeterit, quam citat inter alias ex Dras. Ac ne illud quidem pigebit admonere, apud Salomonem[1], ubi in vulgata lectione latina legitur, viam viri in adolescentula, expositum similiter legi in Medras Misle de Gallo Gallinaceo: idque mihi mirum in primis esse visum. Nam quod sequitur in adolescentula, eam expositionem, nisi animi fallor, plane convellit. Ego sane, quod bona eorum interpretum venia dictum sit, id verbum nusquam eam vim habere arbitror: praesertim cum praecedat verbum Taltela, quod formam habet nominis, ut grammatici loquuntur, absoluti. Iam illud quoque nonnihil est, quod Hebraeos peritiores aliter accipere eum locum constat. David certe Camius, qui, quae lingua aliarum linguarum princeps est, eius ipse linguae princeps inter suos interpretes censetur, in commentariis ad eum locum, Meo animo, inquit, Gaber est positum in casu vocativo, et est ordo, ac sensus: o vir ecce Dominus transportabit te transportatione. Vocat autem eum virum propter superbiam ac fastum. Hactenus I. Drusius. Verum praeterquam quod ipse fatetur, Salomonem Iarium ita vertisse, et Camium eandem expositionem ex Dras citare, quidam etiam alii תרנגולא tarnegula, id est, Gallum Gallinaceum exponunt, teste David Kimhi, Thargum Ierosolimitanum pro גבר מעציון  ויסעו  Vaishu mhesion gaber, id est, Et profecti sunt de Etzion gaber, quod legitur Numer. 33.[2] habet תרנגולא ונתלו מכיר  Vunetalu micherach tarnegola, id est, Et profecti sunt autem ab arce Galli, ut legere est in dictionario Syrochaldaico Guidonis Fabricii Boderiani: Itaque meo iudicio et Gallus, et vir traduci possit, cum vir a virtute, seu robore dicatur, et animi vigore, quo Gallus inter sui generis volucres egregie praeditus est.

For while all others translated Gaber as man, he alone – St. Jerome - translated it as gallus by this maxim: like a Gallus Gallinaceus on the shoulder of the bearer he will easily carry you away from another place. Afterwards in my turn I bumped into the same word rendered alike by Salamon Iarius: and truly nor did Camius pass over in silence that interpretation, which he quotes among others from Dras. And neither it will be shameful to remind what in Salomon - book of Proverbs - where in the Vulgate’s Latin version we read the way of the man in a maid, I have read similarly interpreted in Medras Misle about rooster: and this at first seemed strange to me. In fact what afterwards it happens in the maid, if I am not mistaken, quite overthrows that interpretation. Truly, speaking with the benevolent approval of those interpreters, I believe that never that word has such a meaning: overall because the word taltela comes before, and, as the grammarians say, has the form of an absolute noun. Certainly it is also of some importance that, as far as it is known, the most learned Hebrews do interpret otherwise that passage. Certainly David Camius who, like that language is the more authoritative among all languages, he himself is reckoned the most distinguished interpreter of that language, in the commentaries on this passage he says: in my opinion gaber is in the vocative case, and there is a sequence and a meaning: O man, lo the Lord will transport you by migration. On the other hand he calls him man on account of pride and haughtiness. Thus far Iohannes Drusius. But besides the fact of declaring that Salomon Iarius translated in this way, and that Camius quotes from Dras the same interpretation, also certain others do translate tarnegula, i.e., roosters, as David Kimhi testifies, the Targum of Jerusalem, instead of Vaishu mhesion gaber, i.e. And they set forth from Etzion gaber, which is read at Numbers 33, reports Vunetalu micherach tarnegola, i.e., And on the contrary they set forth from the citadel of the rooster, as it is possible to read in Syro-Chaldaic dictionary of Guy le Fèvre de la Boderie: thus in my opinion it could be translated either cock or man, since man – vir - takes the name from the strength - virtus, or from the robustness - robur = oak, and from the strength of the spirit, with which the rooster among birds of its species is uncommonly endowed.

Pro Gallo item in dictionario trilingui legitur הבור habur, et נרגל nergal, quarum vocum prior ad Gaber accedit, posterior ad Tarnegul תרנגול, pro qua voce Syre legitur תרנגולא Tarnagola Gallus avis: Iob. 3. Matth. 26. Marc. 14. et Ioan. 18. et דדהבא תרנגלא Tarnagela dedava, Gallus aureus, Ester. 1. in Thar. Ierosol. et תרנגולד Tarnegoled Gallina, et תרנגולדא ברא Tarnegola bara, Gallus sylvestris<,> idem תרנגול ברא tarnegol bara, Iob. 38. et Psal. 50. et תרנגולת תיבר tarnegoled thibur, Gallus Gallinaceus in plurali<,> תרנגולין מקרכרוןtarnegolin mecharcherin, Galli crocitantes[3]. דוכיפת duchifad vox Hebraica in dictionario Syrochaldaico, ex quo pleraque nomina istaec excerpsimus, Gallus sylvestris exponitur. אכבא acava idem est, quod tarnegul, id est Gallus, aut secundum alios est כלב זקן, id est vetulus canis, sive l<a>elaps[4] canis venaticus Proverb. 30[5] Compluten[6].<.> אורא aura, quod Aruc דס das exponit bestiae nomen. תורא נגר  nagar tura Gallus sylvestris vertitur, vel, ut R. Serira Ghaon ait, Gallus montanus, vel ut alii, Upupa. Saracenis, Gallum, quidam hodie Dic appellari literis prodidit, Gallinam vero eisdem Tefese dici alicubi legimus. Avicennae caput 296. lib. 2. inscribitur Giaziudiuch, ubi interpres vertit de Gallinis, et Gallo. Aducasugeg Sylvatico, vel, ut vetus Avicennae Glossographus habet, Aduzaruzegi, velut Gentiles[7] legit, Aducarucegi (hinc vel inde enim eam vocem hausisse videtur) Gallus, vel Gallina est. Furogi vero, vel Furogigi Gallus tantum. Sed forte ea vox mustelae sylvestri, quam Galli furo[8] dicunt potius conveniet, quasi furo gigeg (ad quam vocem, quae eidem Sylvatico Gallum, vel Gallinam significat posteriores duae syllabae gigi nempe non male accedunt) id est furans sive insidians Gal<l>inis quod et animali quasi proprium est. Alibi etiam apud eundem legitur Digegi, ut apud Serapionis interpretem Digedi. Alfrach Arabice non est commune ad omnes pullos, et quandoque dicitur de Gallina iuvene, quae nondum ova peperit, teste Andrea Bellunensi, sed absolute prolatum significat pullum Colombinum, qui nondum volare potest. Et alibi scribit Alpheti[9] Gallinas esse secundum expositores Arabes, esseque eas, quae nondum pepererunt ova.

Likewise in the trilingual dictionary for gallus is read habur and nergal, whose words the first one is similar to gaber, the next to tarnegul, for which noun in Syriac is read tarnagola, the bird rooster: Job 3, Matthew 26,<34>, Mark 14,<30> and John 18,<27>, and tarnagela dedava, golden rooster, Esther 1 in the Targum of Jerusalem and tarnegoled hen, and tarnegola bara, wild rooster, the same Targum tarnegol bara, Job 38 and Psalms 50, and tarnegoled thibur, rooster in the plural, tarnegolin mecharcherin croaking roosters. The Hebrew word duchifad in the Syro-Chaldaic dictionary, from which we have taken most of these nouns, is interpreted as wild rooster. Acava is the same as tarnegul, i.e. rooster, or according to others it is זקן כלב i.e. a rather old dog, or laelaps a hunting dog in Proverbs 30 of Complutensian Polyglot Bible. Aura, which Aruc interprets as das, name of a wild beast. Nagar tura is translated with wild rooster, or, as Rabbi Serira Ghaon says, mountain's rooster, or, like others, hoopoe. Somebody reported that the cock, in Saracen - Arabic - characters, is said dic, and elsewhere we have read that in the same characters the hen is said tefese. The chapter 296 of the second book of Avicenna is entitled Giaziudiuch, where the translator translates Concerning the hens and the rooster. In Matthaeus Sylvaticus aducasugeg, or, as the ancient glossographer of Avicenna reports, aduzaruzegi, or aducarucegi like Gentiles reads (in fact it seems that he has derived such a word from this or from that one) is the cock or the hen. But furogi, or furogigi is only the rooster. But perhaps this word will be more appropriate to beech marten - to wild weasel, which they call furo of cock, as if furo gigeg (a word to which, meaning cock or hen for Sylvaticus himself, the two last syllables, just gigi, are not inappropriately approaching) i.e. thief or attacker of hens, what in addition, so to speak, is characteristic of the animal. Elsewhere in the same Sylvaticus also digegi is read, as digedi in the interpreter of Serapion - Gerard of Cremona? Andreas Bellunensis?. Alfrach in Arabic is not commonly used for all chicks, and sometimes it is said apropos of a young hen which has not yet laid eggs, as Andrea Alpago is testifying, but said in an unlinked way - without connection with the phrase - it means chick of pigeon which cannot yet fly. And elsewhere he writes that according to the Arabic interpreters alpheti are the hens, and those which not yet laid eggs.

Quod ad Graecam nomenclaturam attinet, ea, ut subinde patebit, varia admodum est, etsi apud vetustissimos Graecos nomen nullum peculiare inveniamus, sed communi ὄρνιθες vocabulo hanc speciem significasse, unde etiam Myrtilus apud Athenaeum[10] solas Gallinas ὄρνιθας, et ὀρνίθια appellat. Quia tamen apud recentiores, qui post Aristotelem floruerunt, multa, ut dixi, synonyma reperiantur, visum est ea ordine alphabetico prosequi, ut omnis vitetur confusio.

As far as Greek nomenclature is concerned, like soon after will be clear, it is quite varied, although among the most ancient Greeks we find no distinctive term, since they indicated this species with the common noun órnithes, which is why also Myrtilus in Athenaeus calls only the hens órnithas and orníthia – birdies. However, as I said, being that many synonyms are found among more recent Greeks who flourished after Aristotle, it seemed proper to me to set down them in alphabetical order so that any confusion is avoided.

Aristoteles, eumque secuti alii ὄρνιν, vel ὄρνιθα communiter de quavis volucre dicunt: nonnulli vero recentiores Graeci privatim de Gallo, Gallinaque. Aristoteles Gallum ἀλεκτρυόνα vel ἀλέκτορα vocat, Gallinam ἀλεκτορίδα. Aristophanes ἀλέκτορας, qui mares sint, ἀλεκτρύαινας, quae faeminae, ἀλεκτρυόνας utrumque continere ludens in comedia monstravit[11].

Aristotle, and others who followed him, commonly say órnin or órnitha for any bird: but some more recent Greeks say so especially for cock and hen. Aristotle calls the rooster alektryóna or aléktora, the hen alektorída. Aristophanes, in jesting, showed in a comedy that aléktoras are the males, alektrýainas the females, and that alektryónas is including both.