[249] DENOMINATA.

ETYMOLOGIES

A gallo fit Gallina; a Gallina Gallinaceus: quae postrema vox vel Gallo additur ad differentiam, ut alibi[1] diximus, vel pro eo dicitur, quod ex Gallis, et Gallinis est, ut pullus Gallinaceus, ova Gallinacea Varroni[2], ᾠά ἀλεκτόρεια Synesio[3], Fel Gallinaceum Ciceroni[4], et ὀρνίθεια κρέα, Gallinaceae carnes Xenophonti[5]. A Gallo etiam Gallulo verbum est, pro pubem emitto, unde rursus Gallulasco {Naevio}[6] <Novio> pro pubesco, quod pubescentes vocem grandiorem ad Galli Gallinacei similitudinem faciant: Puerum mulieri praestare, inquit Nonius, nemo scit, quanto melior sit, cuius vox gallulascit, cuius ramus iam roborascit. Aristoteles[7] id τραγᾷν appellabat, simili nempe metaphora ab hirco, qui τράγος Graecis dicitur.

From gallus comes gallina, from gallina comes gallinaceus: the latter word is either added to gallus for making a distinction, as I said in another point, or is said in order to indicate something arising from roosters and hens, as pullus gallinaceus - gallinaceous chick, ova gallinacea - gallinaceous eggs - in Varro, øiá alektóreia in Synesius, fel gallinaceum - gallinaceous bile - in Cicero, and ornítheia kréa, gallinaceous meat, in Xenophon. There exists also the verb gallulo from gallus, which means I give rise to hair at pubes, - as said by Nonius Marcellus, and in its turn in Novius from gallulo we have gallulasco which stands for I am growing up, since those who are pubescent utter a louder voice like that of the cock. Nonius Marcellus – when quoting Novius - says: Nobody knows that a boy is better than a woman, how much is better that one whose voice becomes manly, that one whose stick is gaining strength. Aristotle called this tragâin - to enter in puberty’s phase; to give vent anything on leaves - evidently with a similar metaphor borrowed from he-goat, called trágos by Greeks.

Gallare item verbum, quod, Nonio teste, Varroni<s> {Eudaemonibus} <Eumenidibus>[8] insanire est: Deam Gallantes, inquit, vario {retinebant} <recinebant> studio, eodem namque {vetustas} <venustas> hic <ad>est Gallantibus[9]. An vero eiusmodi verbum a Gallo[10] derivetur, Nonius non addidit. Caeterum a Gallina fit Gallinarius, qua voce Plinius[11], et Cicero[12] pro Gallinarum custode utuntur, qui alias Varroni[13], et Columellae[14] Gallinarius curator dicitur: cui etiam Gallinarium locus vocatur, in quo nutriuntur. Idem pro Gallinario officinam[15] dixit. Gyb. Longolius vulgo cohortem dici putat, ut videtur, ex Varrone, qui[16] ita scribit: In Urbana quoque domo cortem facere poterimus, in qua pascere Ciconias, Grues, Pavones, Gallinas, Anseres, et similia dabitur ad usus quotidianos. Sed si Italorum Corte a {Latinore} <Latinorum> corte, seu cohorte dimanet, locus erit diversus, attamen Gallinis destinatus. Hi enim la corte dicunt locum, eum nempe, quem aream Latini nuncupant, et in quo frumenta secta teruntur. Quare mea sententia Gallinarium a cohorte plurimum differt. Etenim Gallinarium vulgus a pullis Gallinaceis, qui simul cum matribus suis noctu illi a Gallinario custode includuntur, pullarium semper vocavit, Italique servato etiamnum eo nomine, pullaro vocant, et Hispani el gallinero donde duormen [duermen?] las Gallinas, hoc est, Gallinarium, ubi Gallinae dormiunt. In corte vero dormire nemo dixerit. Quod vero eiusmodi aediculam, ubi nempe noctu potissimum habitant, et quo interdiu pariturae revertuntur, ovaque incubant officinam cohortalem sive cortalem[17] ob id appellari inquiat, non possum non laudare. Nam ut omnia in nostris officinis parantur, quae in usum humanum cedunt, ita ibi ova, et pulli, quae in cibum.

The same happens for the verb gallare, which, as Nonius Marcellus says, in the Menippean satire Eumenides of Varro means to be mad. Nonius reports: Those crazed persons like the priests of Cybeles were singing the goddess with varying zeal, for here thanks to the same the joy is present in those possessed persons. But Nonius didn't specify whether such a word is deriving from Gallus – priest of Cybele. Gallinarius comes, however, from gallina, and Pliny and Cicero use this word for the guardian of hens, and the gallinarius of Varro and Columella is otherwise said curator, caretaker: in Columella is said gallinarium also the place in which hens are raised. He again said officina for poultry pen. Gisbert Longolius thinks that by common people it is called courtyard, gathering it, as seems, from Varro, who writes as follows: Also in a town’s house we shall build a pen in which it will be possible to raise storks, cranes, peacocks, hens, geese, and such fowls for daily use. But if the corte of Italians derives from cors or cohors of Latins, the place is a different one, devoted however to hens. For Italians call la corte a place, that is,  that one the Latins call area, threshing-floor, in which the cut grain is thrashed. Therefore, in my opinion gallinarium, poultry pen, differs greatly from cohors, courtyard. For common people always called pullarium the gallinarium, getting it from the gallinaceous chicks who are shut up there at night with their mothers by the guardian of hens. And Italians, having still kept that word, call it pullaro, and the Spaniards el gallinero donde duermen las gallinas, that is, the hen house where hens sleep. No one had said they sleep in courtyard. Since he - Longolius -  says that such a small building, where they just stay particularly at night and where in daytime they return when are about to lay eggs and when incubate them, just because of this it is called officina cohortalis or cortalis - barnyard workshop - I cannot but praise him. For as all things needed for human use are prepared in our workshops, so here eggs and chicks are prepared, which are for food.

Ἀλεκτρυονοπώλης dicitur Polluci, qui eiusmodi aves vendit, quemque nos vulgo pollarolum, quasi pullos venditantem appellamus. Putat autem usurpari posse tale vocabulum, cum Phrynicus[18] usus sit voce ἀλεκτρυοπωλητήριον, assertque simul ἀλεκτρυοφόρον ex Aeschinis {Acciocho} <Axiocho>, quos annumerari posse ait τοῖς ὀρνιθευταῖς, seu ὀρνιθοθήραις.

In Julius Pollux is called alektryonopølës the man who sells such birds and we commonly call pollarolo in Italian, as one who sells chicks. For he thinks such a word can be used since comic Phrynichus son of Eunomides used the word alektryopølëtërion and at the same time asserts that alektryophóron comes from the dialogue Axíochos of Aeschines of Sfetto - or Socraticus, and he says those terms can be attributed to bird-catchers - toîs ornitheutaîs, or ornithothërais.

Notanda porro diversa scriptura in his tribus compositis, et primum syllaba no excedere caetera procul dubio, vitio typographi, qui parum fuit attentus. Caeterum, ut ἀλεκτρυοπώλης, sive ἀλεκτρυονοπωλής is est, qui venditat Gallinaceos seu Gallinas, ita ἀλεκτρυοπωλητήριον, sive ἀλεκτρυονοπωλητήριον est ipse locus, seu forum, ubi venditantur, et ἀλεκτρυονοφόρος, sive ἀλεκτρυοφόρος is qui baiulat Gallinas seu Gallinaceos emptos, et vendendos portat. Unde nos etiam forte ὀρτυγοφόρον dicere poterimus. Nam ὀρτυγοκόπος non est in usu, teste Polluce. Videtur autem significare eos qui has aves venales gestant, vel ad ludos potius. Nam ὀρτυγοκόπος dicitur, qui in ludo Coturnicem digito ferit.

One must note the different writing in the following three composite words, and that the first one is longer than others because of the presence of the syllable no, beyond doubt because of an error of the printer, who was too little attentive. For that matter, as alektryopølës or alektryonopølës is the man who sells roosters or hens, so alektryopølëtërion or alektryonopølëtërion is the place itself, or market, where they are sold, and alektryonophóros or alektryophóros is the man who carries on shoulders hens or roosters he has bought, and carries those who are for sale. Therefore perhaps we will also say ortygophóron - carrier of quails. For ortygokópos - beater of quails - is not used, according to Julius Pollux. For it seems to mean those carrying these birds for sale, or rather, for fighting. For is called ortygokópos he who carries a quail on a finger during a fight.

Porro Gallicinium[19] ea pars noctis appellatur, in qua Galli cantant, ut scribit Macrobius[20]. Primum diei tempus dicitur, mediae noctis inclinatio: deinde Gallicinium: inde conticinium, cum et Galli conticescunt, et homines etiam tum quiescunt. Id temporis spatium ἀλεκτρυοφωνία Graecis dicitur, ut quidam in {lexecon} <lexicon> vulgare Graecolatinum retulit, sed apud D. Marcum[21] ἀλεκτρυοφωνία scribitur, ubi Salvator noster discipulos admonet saepius, ut vigilarent. Ait autem. Vigilate ergo (nescitis enim {quomodo} <quando> Dominus domus veniat, sero {in} <an> media nocte, an Galli cantu, an mane). Ne cum venerit repente inveniat {nos} <vos> dormientes.

Further, is called gallicinium that part of the night in which roosters crow, as Macrobius writes. The first period of the day is called the turning of midnight: then gallicinium: then conticinium, when also roosters keep silent and when also humans rest. That space of time – gallicinium -is called alektryophønía by Greeks, as someone in common Greco-Latin lexicon has set down, but in Gospel of St. Mark it is written alektorophønía, where our Savior admonishes his disciples to be frequently watchful. For He says: Watch therefore (for you don’t know when the master of the house could come, whether late or at midnight, or at cockcrow or at morning). Lest when he suddenly comes he finds you asleep.

Danos populos doctissimus Ioannes Goropius[22] a Gallo Gallinaceo ideo sese denominari ait voluisse, quod cum belli studiis potissimum oblectarentur, atque in iis non tam avaritia, quam generoso animo ducti, victoriam, et laudes potius quam divitias quaererent, Gallinaceus Gallus inter omnia animalia naturae dotes ad hunc scopum necessarias habere videretur. Ab hoc igitur, tum bellicae laudis, et generosissimi animi, tum indolis regalis, et strenui militis, et ad omnia momenta vigilis optimo exemplari nomen non solum mutuari voluisse, verum pro symbolo, et synthemate quodam sibi accipere. Vocasse enim se De hanen, et composite per concisionem Danen, aspiratione in media litera de [250] more eorum delitescente.

The very learned Ioannes Goropius says that Danish people wished to take the name from the rooster because, nevertheless they took delight above all in their zeal for battle and were led to it not so much by greed as by their noble spirit seeking victory and praise rather than wealth, the rooster seemed to them among all animals to be given by nature the necessary endowment for this purpose. Therefore, they not only wished to take their name from this best model both of warlike qualities and noblest spirit, both of royal nature and of brave fighter, as well as of ever ready sentry, but they also wished to take it on as a symbol and a sort of banner. For they called themselves De hanen and skillfully, by a shortening, Danen, with dropping of the aspirate sound in the middle of the word as they usually do.