Nam cum alibi {sclaream} <scarleam>[1] dici dixisset, quod visus claritatem {removeat} <renovet>, cuius ratione Germanis Scharlach quoque dicitur, mox, Heraclea, inquit, est quae latine ferraria nigra vocatur, quam recentiores centrum Galli, et Gallitricum sylvestre vocant.

For, since Matteo Silvatico elsewhere said that it is called scarlea, because it restores clearness of sight, and for this reason is also called scharlach – scarlet - by Germans, soon after he says: Heraclea is what is called in Latin ferraria nigra - black iron mine, which more recent herbalists call cock-spur and woodland Clary sage.

Videndum etiam num τζεντογάλη, quae vox apud Nic. Myrepsum[2] nominatur unguento 62, sit Gallitricum: item num et hoc a Galli crista nomen habeat. Videtur siquidem vocabulum Graecolatinum, qualia barbari multoties efformant. Capillum enim Graeci τρίχα appellant. Capilli capitis verticem occupant, uti etiam cristae. Cum vero Horminis herba similis sit, Gallinaceaeque cristae, Porta, ut dixi, Galli vires referre, venerique prodesse plurimum ait; ὁρμᾶν enim est impetu, instinctuque, ac ingenti libidine in venerem ferri.

We have also to see whether the tzentogálë, a word quoted in Nicolaus Myrepsus as contained in the ointment number 62, is the Clary sage: and whether, likewise, this takes its name from cock’s comb. Since it seems to be a Greek-Latin word, such as foreigners often create. For Greeks call hair trícha. Hairs occupy the top of the head, as well as combs. But since it is a herb bearing resemblance to Meadow sages - Salvia pratensis or Salvia horminum - and to a gallinaceous comb, Giambattista Della Porta, as I said, states it gives vigor to strengths of the rooster and is very helpful to his sexual activity; for hormân - in Greek - means to be driven toward sex with vehemence and transport, as well as with a huge lust.

Galli crus Apuleio herba dicitur, cuius cacumen instar pedis Galli dividitur. Herbarii graminis speciem faciunt. Plinius[3] {Ischaemum} <Ischaemonem> vocat a sistendo sanguine. Nascitur ubivis, praesertim in hortorum areis cum aliis inutilibus herbis. Radices habet multas, tenues, candicantes, folia milii, ut scripsit Plinius, aspera, et lanuginosa: caules multos, rotundos, florem in spicis, colore herbaceis plerunque quinis, aut septenis. Herba trita, et admota efficacissime fluentem sanguinem sistit. Pueri floris asperis spicis sanguinem a naribus eliciunt, adeo ut pro diverso utendi modo haec herba sanguinem cohibeat, et evocet. Exiguum est gramen apud nos, inquit Porta[4], surgens calamulis geniculatis, surrectis, singulis in quinas, ternasve exiles florum spicatas caudas, digitatim sparsis, sapore astringenti, et exiccante, unde non vana coniectura Plinianum {Ischoemonem} <Ischaemonem>[5] possumus existimare, vulgo Galli pes dicitur, quod in summo frutice trifariam Gallinacei pedis imitationem habeat{:}<.> {ius Gallinaceis dysentericis medetur, sed veteris vehementius, ex Plinio[6]:} <Alibi etiam ius e Gallinaceo dysentericis mederi asserit, sed veteris Gallinacei vehementius.>[7] Ad membranarum cerebri sanguinis profluvium prodesse dicunt sanguinem Galli ex Galeno: ad sanguinis reiectiones ore, et naribus valere ova assa suadent Medici. Haec ille.

In Apuleius Barbarus - or Pseudo Apuleius - is said Rooster-foot - Digitaria sanguinalis or Large crabgrass - a herb whose top is divided like a rooster’s foot. Herbalists class it as a sort of grass. Pliny calls it ischaemon because it stops the blood. It grows everywhere, especially in pieces of land planted with greens with other worthless plants. It has many thin, whitish roots, its leaves are similar to those of the millet, and, as Pliny wrote, rough and downy: the stems are numerous, with a circular section, the inflorescence gathered into ears with color of grasses, mostly five or seven in number, together. The grass, when crushed and applied, stops most effectively flowing blood. Boys draw blood from their nostrils with the rough spikes of the inflorescence, so that depending on the different way this herb is used, it stops and causes the blood pouring down. Giambattista Della Porta says that there is a small couch grass among us, rising with small knotty stalks, straight, each of them split into five or three thin ends of spike-shaped inflorescences and looking like fingers, with astringent and dehydrating taste, whence with a no groundless conjecture we may think that it is Pliny’s ischaemon, commonly called Rooster-foot, since at the top of the stem it has a threefold imitation of the foot of a gallinaceous bird. Elsewhere he affirms that also the gallinaceous broth cures dysentery patients, but with more effectiveness if it comes from an old rooster. According with Galen, they say that rooster blood is useful against the bleeding of brain membranes: physicians suggest fried eggs for bleeding from mouth and nostrils. Thus far Della Porta.

Sed sciendum est hanc herbam Sylvatico perperam Gallitricum vocari, vel per errorem tri Syllabam {antepenultimam} <ante ultimam> a typographo additam, et ex duabus vocibus unam factam. Ait autem[8]: Gallitricus (lego Galli crus) id est sanguinaria, eo quod naribus imposita sanguinem suaviter fluere facit. Nascitur circa vias, et saxosis locis. Habet in summitate velut pedes Galli. Pes Gallinaceus Plinio[9] prima Capni species est, ut hisce verbis apertissime docet: Capnos prima, quam pedes Gallinaceos vocant nascens in parietinis et sepibus, ramis tenuissimis sparsisque<,> flore purpureo<,> viridis <suco caliginem discutit>. Dodonaeus hanc herbam putat eam esse, quae multis ramulis fruticat teneris in quibus folia numerosa incisa, colore, sapore, et quadamtenus forma alteri fumariae similia, praetenera viticulis, et capreolis: herba ipsa in sepibus provenit: flosculi eius candidi, caeruleo colore[10] nonnihil distincti, in siliquis parvis semen: radix singularis, longitudine digitali, vere primo, ut et nostra vulgaris prodit. Maio, et Iunio utraque floret, et carpitur. Haec Capnos, inquit, Plinii imitatione pied de Geline dici potest. Verum cum Plinius Capni primam speciem purpureo flore esse dicat, Dodonaeus suae candidos tribuat, forsan eadem non fuerit; suum tamen interim cuique liberum esto iudicium.

But we must realize that this herb is wrongly called gallitricum by Matteo Silvatico, perhaps because of the wrong addition by the printer of the syllable tri before the last, and one word has been made out of two. For he says: Gallitricus (I read galli crus – rooster's foot), that is, sanguinaria - Digitaria sanguinalis or Large crabgrass, since when placed into nostrils causes the blood flowing gently. It grows along roads and in stony places. It has at the top like rooster’s feet. In Pliny the first species of fumitory is the rooster's foot, as he clearly says by these words: The first fumitory, which they call feet of cock, growing on rubble and in hedges, with very slender scattered stalks, with purple flowers, by the juice of its green part dispels dimming of sight. Rembert Dodoens thinks this herb – Fumaria officinalis - is that sending forth many tender shoots, on which there are several leaves with indentations which, for color, flavor, and partly for shape, are similar to the other fumitory – Fumaria capreolata or white fumitory – with very tender sprigs and stolons: also this herb grows in hedges: its little flowers are snow white, somewhat marked with blue - crimson, and its seed is in small pods: the root is single, a finger long, and the plant appears in the early spring, as also our variety does, the common one – Fumaria officinalis. Both bloom and are pulled out in May and June. This fumitory, he says, because of the resemblance with that of Pliny, can be called pied de geline - hen’s foot. But since Pliny says the first species of fumitory has a purple flower and Dodoens gives snow white flowers to his fumitory, perhaps they are not the same; however let each man meanwhile make his own free judgment in the matter.

Capnos, sive Capnion, inquit Hermolaus[11], hoc est, fumus, duplex. Alia Dioscoridi descripta nascens in hortis, et segetibus hordeaceis: alia et nomine, et effectu similis, quam pedes Gallinaceos vocant, teste Plinio, in parietibus et sepibus genitam, ramis tenuissimis, sparsisque flore purpureo, ut inquit Plinius{,}<:> quam nonnulli modo {Cymbellarem} <Cymbalarem>[12] vulgo dictam, nescio quam recte interpretantur, folio hederae praetenui, ut in Cotyledone etiam commonuimus: et mox crassissimum illorum errorem reprehendit, qui ex eo quod Plinius Capnon latine pedes Gallinaceos vocari scribit, Capnon <etiam> a Dioscoride monstratum, non aliud genus esse putant, quam quae vulgo sanguinaria, et Galli crus, ut ante diximus, appellatur, quae gramini, inquit, tam similis est, ut ab eo forte non admodum seiungi possit: nisi quod folio minore cernitur, et fibris potius quam radici {i}nititur. Id autem quod in <utroque> summo frutice trifariam Gallinacei pedis imitationem habet, candidius in hac quam in gramine conspicitur. Et alibi: Cotyledon non est, ut quidam rentur, quae vulgo Cymbalaris appellatur, etiamsi Cymbalion a Dioscoride vocetur. Est autem Cymbalaris herba folio tenus anguloso, hederaceo, flore parvo, purpureo, in muris terrae nascens, quam quidem nonnulli genus alterum capni dictae faciunt. Haec ille.

Ermolao Barbaro says that  fumitory, capnos, or capnion, that is, smoke, is of two kinds. The former, described by Dioscorides, growing in kitchen gardens and in barley crops: the other, both for name and effect, is similar to that they call rooster's feet, as Pliny testifies, grown on walls and in hedges, with very slender spread stems, with a purple flower, as Pliny says: and that one which sometimes is commonly called Kenilworth ivy - Linaria cymbalaria - I don’t know how much correctly they can identify it, endowed with a very thin leaf like ivy, as we also reminded when speaking about the Navelwort - Cotyledon umbilicus-Veneris: and soon after he blames the very gross error of those who, since Pliny writes that fumitory is called in Latin rooster's feet, indicated as fumitory - capnos - by Dioscorides too, are thinking that it is not a different genus from that commonly called, as I said before, Large crabgrass and Rooster-foot, which, he says, is so similar to couch grass that perhaps cannot quite be distinguished from the latter: except that it differs because of a smaller leaf and leans on fibbers instead of a root. Since at the top of both stems has a threefold imitation of a rooster's foot, this appears more whitish than in the couch grass. And elsewhere: the Navelwort - Cotyledon umbilicus-Veneris - is not, as some believe, that commonly called Kenilworth ivy, even if it is called cymbalion by Dioscorides. For the Kenilworth ivy is a herb with a rather angular leaf like ivy, with a small purple flower, growing in walls of earth, which in reality some think to be a different genus from the so called capnos - fumitory. Thus far Ermolao.

Vulgaris quidem apud nos haec herba est, et lactis etiam nonnihil habet, flosculo calathiformi ex purpureo ad caeruleum inclinante, radice alba, dulci, ut rapulo sylvestri congener videatur. Oculis a quibusdam utilis creditur, nimirum ut Capnos quoque, ut ab eodem effectu nomen idem contigerit. Foliorum species per aetatem mutatur, ex rotundiori in longam. Quae vero eius pars pedes Gallinaceos referat, non facile dixerim, nisi forte mucrones illi, in quos dividitur calyx, qui florem sustinet, eos repraesentare dicantur, praesertim cum flos deciderit, aut aruerit. Tunc enim in diversa tensi rigentesque <magis>[13] apparent.

This herb is indeed common among us, and has also some milk, with a cup-shaped small flower of a color shading from purple into blue, with a white, sweet root, so that seems to be of the same genus of wild radish. By some people it is believed to be useful for eyes, just like also fumitory is, so that it got the same name because of the same effect. The appearance of the leaves changes in the course of time from roundish to elongated. But what part of it reminds chickens' feet, I could not easily say, unless we say that perhaps they are representing them those points into which the calyx supporting the flower is dividing itself, chiefly when the flower has dropped off or dried up. For then the points appear more stretching and rising in opposite directions.