[382] Galea pro palea apud Columellam in Meleagridis mentione legi conijcio[1]. Similiter et in bobus palearia dicimus, quae a collo et pectore dependent. Gaza apud Aristotelem κάλλαιον, τὸ, cristam vertit: melius barbam redditurus vel paleas. Videntur autem callaea dicta ob purpureum colorem et floridum, nam κάλλη Graeci appellant floridos colores, τὰ {αἴθη} <ἄνθη>[2] τῶν βαμμάτων, ut Ammonius[3] de differentiis vocum interpretatur: et ibidem κάλλαια, τοὺς τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων πώγωνας. Et forsitan Latina vox paleae a Graecis deducta est, κ. in π. mutato, et lambda uno exempto. Plura de hac voce leges infra in H. b. item de partibus gallinacei in E. ubi ex rei rusticae scriptoribus de huius altilis electione agetur. Οἱ τὴν ῥῖνα ἔγκοιλον ἔχοντες τὰ πρὸ τοῦ μετώπου περιφερῆ, τὴν δὲ περιφέρειαν ἄνω ἀνεστηκυῖαν, λάγνοι· ἀναφέρεται ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀλεκτρυόνας, Aristot. in Physiognom.[4] hoc est, ut innominatus quidam transfert: Quicunque nasum concavum habent, et frontem rotundam, et sursum eminens rotundum, luxuriosi, refertur ad gallos. Adamantius nihil tale habet. ¶ Qui oculos splendidos habent, libidinosi sunt, gallinaceorum instar, Ibidem[5]. ¶ Gallinaceorum testes tempore coitus, grandiores fiunt quam aliarum avium, ob salacitatem, Aristot. Coturnix testes sub iecore habet ut gallinacei, Alexander Myndius apud Athenaeum[6]. ¶ Gallinaceo ingluvies praeposita ventriculo est, Aristot.[7] Aves quaedam geminos sinus habent: unum quo merguntur recentia, ut guttur: alterum in quem ex eo dimittunt concoctione maturata, ut gallinae, columbae, etc. Plinius[8]. Cato[9] cap. {29.} <89.> gulam pro ingluvie dixit. Πρόλοβος avium est ingluvies, quae ab aliquibus φύοσα dicitur, et inest omnibus gallinaceis, Suidas. ¶ Iecur gallinae fissum est ab uno extremo in alterum, Albertus. Ad imum intestinum appendices paucas habet, Aristot. ¶ Aves non volaces, ut pavones, gallinae, uropygium (id est caudam pennis conditam) ineptum habent, (non aptum flecti qua parte cum cute coalescit), Aristot. Gallus pennas in cauda instar semicirculi curvat, et similiter in collo et dorso, Albertus.[10] In sublime caudam falcatam erigit, Plinius.[11] ¶ Calcar cum habeant mares, foeminae magna ex parte non habent, Aristot. Et rursus[12], Gallinae cum mares vicerint, cucur<r>iunt. crista etiam eis caudaque erigitur, ita, ne facile praeterea sit, an foeminae sint cognoscere. nonnunquam etiam calcaria parva iis enascuntur. Galli spiculis adversis in cruribus armantur. habent et quandoque spicula gallinae: sed hoc errore potius quam opere naturae, Obscurus de nat. rerum. Natura calcar addidit in avium genere iis, quae ob corporis molem sint ad volandum minus idoneae, cuiusmodi sunt galli, Aristot.[13]

I think that in Columella, when Guinea fowl is mentioned, instead of palea - wattle - galea is to be read - helmet. Likewise also in oxen we call dewlaps those dangling from neck and breast. Theodore Gaza in Aristotle translates tò kállaion with comb: he would have better rendered it with beard or wattles. Really it seems that they have been called callaea because of purple and shining color, for Greeks call kállë - the beauties - the bright colors, tà ánthë tøn bammátøn - the shines of the hues, as Ammonius of Alexandria is interpreting in De similibus & differentibus dictionibus: and in the same treatise he gives kállaia, toùs tøn alektryónøn pøgønas - the wattles, the beards of the roosters. And perhaps the Latin word paleae has been drawn from Greeks by changing κ into π e and removing a λ. A lot of things you can read about this word in paragraph H.b., as well as in paragraph E concerning the parts of the chickens when dealing with the choice of this farming bird and drawing data from agriculture's writers. Oi tën rîna énkoilon échontes tà prò toû metøpou peripherê, tën dè periphéreian ánø anestëkuîan, lágnoi, anaphéretai epì toùs alektryónas, Aristotle in Physiognomonica, that is, as an anonymous translates: All those having a concave nose and a round front, and a rounded head's top, they are lustful, the allusion is to roosters. Adamantius doesn't report anything of this kind. ¶ Those having shining eyes are libidinous, as the roosters, the same authors. ¶ The testicles of the roosters at mating time become larger in comparison with those of other birds, because of sexual excitement, Aristotle. The quail has the testicles under the liver as the roosters, Alexander of Mindos in Athenaeus. ¶ In the rooster the crop is located before the stomach, Aristotle. Some birds have two cavities: one in which are introduced just eaten things, as the crop, the other in which they expel them from such cavity when the digestion is done: as hens, pigeons etc., Pliny. Cato in the chapter 89 said throat in place of ingluvies - crop. The prólobos is the crop of the birds, called phýosa by some people, and is present in all chickens, lexicon Suidas. ¶ The liver of the hen appear divided from one end to the other, Albertus Magnus. The bowel toward the end has few appendices, Aristotle. ¶ Non- flying birds as peacocks, hens, have an uropygial gland (that is the extremity hidden by feathers) which has no use (not suited for bending in that point where is joint to the skin), Aristotle. The rooster unfolds the feathers of the tail in a semicircle, and likewise at level of neck and back, Albertus. He lifts upwards the tail bowed like a sickle, Pliny. ¶ While the males have the spur, the females mostly don't have it, Aristotle. And more: The hens, when prevailed over males, do a cock-a-doodle-doo. Their comb and the tail are also rising, so that after it is not easy to distinguish if they are female. Sometimes also small spurs sprout on them. The roosters on legs are armed with dangerous pointed structures. Sometimes also hens have spurs, but this happens more by error than by deed of nature, an unknown writer on things' nature. Among birds' genus the nature added the spur to those less fitting for flying because of body size, as the roosters are, Aristotle.

Alectorias vocant gemmas in ventriculis gallinaceorum inventas crystallina specie, magnitudine fabarum: quibus Milonem Crotoniensem usum in certaminibus invictum fuisse videri volunt, Plinius 37.10.[14] Ferunt in ventre galli alectorium, id est gallinaceum lapidem. Sed is sarda vel achate fingitur, in quo flammea macula appareat, nam de alectoria vero nihil comperti habeo, Cardanus. Plinius alibi[15] inter remedia calculi, lapillorum meminit qui in gallorum vesica (quasi avis vesicam habeat) reperiantur. Recentiores quidam non ex gallo mare, sed castrato (quem gallinacei nomine imperite intelligunt) hunc lapidem haberi putant: et quidam lingua vernacula interpretatur Kapunenstein/ id est caponis lapidem. Gallus aliquando trimus castratur: tum quinto vel septimo a castratione anno, in iecore eius lapis invenitur alectorius nomine, quem ubi conceperit, non amplius bibit. quare homo etiam lapidem hunc gestans non sitire dicitur, Author de nat. r. et Albertus in historia animalium. Radaim lapidem et donatidem eundem aiunt, qui niger sit et luceat. Ferunt autem cum capita gallorum formicis permittuntur, aliquando post multa tempora in capite maris galli hunc lapidem inveniri. Conferre pollicentur ad rem quamvis impetrandam, Albertus de metallicis 2, 17. Lapis alectorius Dioscoride teste (nihil huiusmodi in nostris exemplaribus Dioscoridis reperitur) invenitur in ventribus gallorum gallinaceorum crystallo similis vel aquae limpidae. Albertus scribit lapidem esse nitentem, crystallo obscuro similem. extrahitur autem ex ventriculo galli gallinacei, postquam castratur supra quartum annum. Quidam post nonum extrahi dicunt. melior est de gallo decrepito. maximus in hoc genere fabam aequat. Ore gestantes reges et gladiatores invictos reddit, ac sitim tollit, mulieres viris conciliat, Sylvaticus capite 408[16]. Et rursus capite 470. Alberti haec verba recitat: Vidi sapphirum et lapidem galli oculum intrare sine ulla oculi noxa, politus enim lapis ac tenuis non laedit oculum, nisi pupillam attigerit. Hic oratorem verbis facit esse disertum. | Constantem reddens cunctisque per omnia gratum. | Hic circa veneris facit incentiva vigentes. | Commodus uxori quae vult fore grata marito{,}<.> | Ut bona tot praestet clausus portetur in ore, Author obscurus de lapidibus. Alectoriae, quanquam raro, in gallorum gallinaceorum, et caporum etiam, ventriculo et iecore gignuntur. sed in iecore plerunque maiores. nam nuper in capo inventus est longus unciam, latus digitum, altus sescunciam: inferior pars, quae latior, humiles habet cavernas: superior, quae strictior, ad dextram extuberat: ad laevam humilis est et fusca, cum reliquum eius corpus in fusco candidum sit. At in ventriculo reperti, non raro fere figura sunt lupini, magnitudine eiusdem aut fabae, modo in cinereo candidi: modo fusci coloris, sed diluti: nunc vero crystallina specie, sed coloris obscuri, quae fibras interdum subrubras. Crystalli similis si politus inter oculum et palpebram inferiorem interponitur, et ex una parte ad alteram transfertur, oculum non laedit. quod idem facit sapphirus, vel onyx, vel alia gemma polita interposita, modo parva sit, Ge. Agricola.

They call alectoriae the stones with crystalline aspect found in the stomach of chickens, big like broad beans: they affirm that it seems that Milo of Croton used them during fight's competitions and that never he was defeated, Pliny 37,144. They report that in the abdomen of the rooster there is the alectorius, that is, the stone of the rooster. But that showing a flaming spot is falsified with the sard - or with the cornelian - either with the agate, in fact to say the truth I have nothing available as certain about the alectoria, Gerolamo Cardano. Pliny in another point, among remedies for calculosis, makes mention of the stones that would be in the bladder of the roosters (as though a bird had a bladder). Some most recent authors think that this stone can be gotten not from the male rooster, but from the castrated one (whom, with incompetence, they label with the name of rooster): and some in their own language translate it with Kapunenstein, that is, stone of capon. Sometimes the rooster is castrated when is three years old: then at a distance of the fifth or seventh year from castration in his liver is found the stone carrying the name of alectoria, and when he formed it, he doesn't drink anymore. That's because they say that also the human being carrier of this stone doesn't feel thirst, the author of natural things and Albertus Magnus in the history of animals. They call this same stone radai and donatide, which would be black and shining. And they report that when the heads of the roosters are left to the ants, sometimes after a lot of time this stone is found in the skull of the male rooster. They assure that it gives the possibility to get anything, Albertus in the treatise of metallurgy 2,17. As Dioscorides testifies, the alectoria stone similar to a crystal or to clear water (nothing of similar to what Dioscorides says is found in our subjects) is found in the abdomen of the roosters. Albertus writes that the stone is glimmering, similar to a dark crystal. And it is extracted from the stomach of the rooster after the fourth year from castration. Some say that it is extracted after the ninth year. Better is that removed from a decrepit rooster. In this kind of rooster the greatest one is big as a broad bean. It makes unbeatable the kings and the gladiators carrying it in mouth, and removes thirst, it lets the women mating with men, Matteo Silvatico in the chapter 408. And then in the chapter 470 he reports these words of Albertus: I have seen a sapphire and a rooster's stone penetrating into the eye without any ocular damage, in fact if polished and smooth the stone doesn't injure the eye, unless touched the pupil. This stone causes an orator to be incisive with the words. | Making him resolute and pleasant from any point of view. | This stone makes impetuous as far as sexual stimuli is concerning. | It is useful for a woman who will gratify her husband. | In order to offer so many advantages it must be carried enclosed in mouth, an unknown author about stones. The alectoriae, even if seldom, take origin in the stomach and in the liver of roosters and of capons too. But usually in the liver they are of greater dimensions. In fact recently in the capon one has been found an ounce long – 2.54 cm - a finger wide - around 1.8 cm, an ounce and a half high: the inferior part, the widest, has some small concamerations: the superior part, the narrower, shows a swelling rightward: at the left side is lowered and dark, while its residual part is candid with marks of dark color. But in the stomach not rarely have been found stones with aspect of a lupin and endowed with its own size or of a broad bean, sometimes candid verging to ash color: sometimes of dark color, but subdued: but this time they had a crystalline aspect, however of dark color, and sometimes they have some reddish streaks. That looking alike a crystal, if after has been smoothed is set between the eye and the inferior eyelid and is moved from one side to the other, doesn't cause ocular lesions. The sapphire or the onyx or another smoothed interposed stone, provided that it is small, they act in the same way, Georg Bauer.