Conrad Gessner
Historiae animalium liber III qui est de Avium natura - 1555
De Gallina
transcribed by Fernando Civardi - translated by Elio Corti
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Ovorum lutea
utilia sunt et cervicis doloribus cum anserino adipe et rosaceo, et
condylomatis cum [448] rosaceo. item ambustis durata in aqua, mox in
pruna putaminibus exustis, tum lutea ex rosaceo illinuntur, Plin.[1]
Prodest et tussientibus per se luteum devoratum liquidum, ita ut
dentibus non attingatur{.}<,> thoracis distillationibus [destillationibus],
faucium {scabriciae} <scabritiae>{,}<.> privatim contra
haemorroidum morsum illinitur, sorbeturque crudum, (Dioscorides hanc vim
albumini tribuit.) Prodest
et renibus, vesicae rosionibus exulcerationibusque, et cruenta
excreantibus, Idem[2].
Ova sorbilia prosunt tussi et pleuritidi, et phthisi, et raucedini vocis
ex caliditate, et stricturae anhelitus, et sputo sanguinis, praesertim
cum sorbetur vitellus eorum tepidus, Avicenna[3].
Et rursus, Vitellus confert ulceri renum et vesicae, praecipue si
sorbeatur crudus, (hoc Platina de integro ovo scribit.) Vitelli ovorum
crudi quinque cum vini tribus cyathis haemoptoicis prosunt, Constantinus
et Aesculapius. Cum vini veteris aut mulsi cyathis tribus permixti, et
calide per triduum poti, excreationes cruentas emendant, Marcellus. |
The
egg yolks are also useful in the pains of the neck together with fat of
goose and oil of roses, and with oil of roses in the condylomata
acuminata – either rooster's combs or genital warts. Likewise in the
burns, hard cooked in water, and as soon as the shells have been
disintegrated on embers, then the yolks are applied with oil of roses,
Pliny. The yolk alone swallowed liquid is also good for those people
having cough, doing so that it is not touched by teeth, in the catarrhal
states of chest, against the inflammation of fauces. Especially it is
smeared against the pain provoked by haemorrhoids, and is drunk raw (Dioscorides
ascribes this power to egg white). It also is good for kidneys, for
vesical burnings and pains, and for those people spitting blood, still
Pliny. The eggs to be sipped are useful in case of cough and pleurisy
and consumption - by pulmonary tuberculosis - and hoarse voice due to
the warmth as well as in case of difficult breath and haemoptysis – to
spit blood, above all when the yolk is drunk lukewarm, Avicenna. And still: The yolk is good for ulcer of kidneys and urinary bladder,
above all if drunk raw (Platina writes this about the whole egg). Five
raw egg yolks with three cyathi [150 ml] of wine are good for spitting blood people, Constantinus
Africanus and Aesculapius.
Mixed with three cyathi
of
old wine or mead, and drunk warm for three days, make disappear the
haemorrhagic expectorations, Marcellus Empiricus. |
Suggillata in oculis ovi vitellus impositus discutit: sunt qui mel misceant, Archigenes apud Galenum de compos. sec. loc. 5.1. Ovi assi vitellus miscetur cataplasmatis ad oculos lippientes, inter Asclepiadis medicamenta in eodem opere 4.7. item ad fluxiones cohibendas. Agglutinatorium ad fluxionem oculorum, Ovi tenuis vitellum cum thure fronti imponito, (ὠοῦ λεπτοῦ λέκυθον, vide an legendum ὠοῦ λεπτόν [vel λευκόν] ἤ λέκυθον. nam et albumen et luteum ovi convenit,) Archigenes apud Galenum de compos. sec. loc. 4. 8. Ad haemalopes et hyposphagmata, id est cruentos et sugillatos oculos, statim a principio tum ad inflammationem tum ad dolorem compescendum prodest ovi assi luteum cum vino impositum, Ibidem. ¶ Vitellus apostemati calido in aure medetur, Avicenna. |
The
egg yolk applied on eyes makes the bruises disappear: there are some
people mixing honey, Archigenes in Galen in De compositione
medicamentorum secundum locos book V,1. The yolk of roasted egg is
mixed with cataplasms for rheumy eyes, among the remedies of Asclepiades in the same
treatise, book IV,7; and the same is worth for stopping the lacrimation
due to irritation. Poultice against the lacrimation: Put on forehead the
yolk of a small egg with incense (consider if the expression øoû
leptoû lékython - the yolk of a thin egg – has on the contrary
to be read øoû leptón [or else leukón] ë
lékython - the non-thick part, that is the white, or rather the egg
yolk; in fact so it is fitting to both egg white and egg yolk),
Archigenes in Galen in De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos
IV,8. Against haemalopes and hyposphagmata, that is, for
eyes with haemorrhages and bruises, immediately starting from their
rising, shows itself as profitable the toasted egg yolk applied with
wine to restrain both inflammation and pain, still in IV,8. ¶ The yolk
recovers a warm abscess of the ear, Avicenna. |
¶ Dolores stomachi lenit ovi vitellus tostus et in farina comminutus, cum polenta potus, Archigenes apud Galenum de compos. sec. loc. et Euporiston 1.97. Ovorum vitelli cum vino vel oleo cocti, adiecta polenta, mane sumpti, medentur his qui cibos non continent, Constantinus. In patinis frigitur vitellus ut cibo alvos sistat, per se vel admixta galla aut fructu rhois,[4] Dioscorid. Sistunt et menses mulierum cocta ovorum lutea, et ex vino pota: inflationes quoque vulvae cruda cum oleo ac vino illita curant, Plinius[5]. |
¶
The toasted egg yolk and minced in flour, drunk with polenta of barley,
relieves the pains of stomach, Archigenes in Galen in De compositione
medicamentorum secundum locos and in Euporista - of Oribasius
- I,97. The egg yolks cooked with wine or oil, with the addition of
barley polenta, taken in the morning, make recover those people who don't
succeed in keeping the foods - in the stomach, Constantinus Africanus.
The yolk is fried in frying pan to stop the bowel, both alone and mixing
gallnut in it or the fruit of the sumac, Dioscorides. The hard boiled
egg yolks, and drunk with wine, also stop the menstruations: they also
recover the swellings of the vulva if they are raw and smeared with oil
and wine, Pliny. |
¶ De remediis ex eodem cum aliis medicamentis admixto: primum extra corpus, deinde intra. Ad liventia ovorum luteis utuntur: si vetustiora sint, cum bulbis ac melle, Plin.[6] Contra adustionem ignis, unguentum laudatur ex vitellis ovorum recentium, oleo rosaceo, cera alba et {sepo} <sebo – sevo> arietino, Galenus ut quidam citant. Vitelli cum oleo rosaceo et croco inuncti medentur dolori podagricorum: et si valde doluerint, misceatur modicum opii, Idem ut quidam citant. Ovorum assatorum lutea quinque apud Aetium 12.44. adduntur unguento cuidam arthritico anodyno[7]. Ad exanthemata curanda ovi cocti vitellus cum melle et psim{m}ythio tritus rectissime adhibetur, Marcellus. Si quae maligna pustula in facie, vel brachiis vel pedibus, non frangat eam ne forte de vita periclitetur. sed vitellum ovi cum pari sale ad spissitudinem subactum imponat et leniter fricet. vel in ovum albumine eiecto salem iniectum diligenter misce, et cum linteo impone et illiga pustulae, Obscurus. |
¶
Remedies obtainable still from the
yolk mixed with other medicines: first for external use, then for
internal use. They use the egg yolks against the bruises: if the
bruises are not too much recent, with onions and honey, Pliny. Against a
fire burn is very appreciated an ointment done with yolks of fresh eggs,
rose-oil, white wax and fat of ram, Galen, as some are quoting. The
yolks smeared with rose-oil and saffron recover the pains of gouty
persons: and if the pain will be strong, a little bit of opium has to be
mixed, still Galen, as some are quoting. In Aetius of Amida XII,44 are
added five roasted egg yolks to an ointment against arthritic pains. To
treat the exanthemata with great benefit is used cooked egg yolk minced
with honey and white lead, Marcellus Empiricus. If in the face or in
the arms or in the feet is present some malignant pimple, who has it
doesn't have to break it so that perhaps he doesn't endanger his life.
But he has to superimpose a beaten egg yolk with an equal quantity of
salt up to thicken it and has to rub gently. Otherwise properly mix salt
put in an egg after having removed its white, and apply it using a flax
cloth and fix it on the pimple, an unknown author. |
¶ Ovi vitellus tostus cum rosaceo et croco utilis est oculorum doloribus, (περιωδυνίαις,) Dioscorid. Lutea ovorum cocta ut indurescant, admixto croco modice, item melle et lacte mulieris illita, dolores oculorum mitigant. vel cum rosaceo et mulso lana oculis imposita, vel cum trito apii semine ac polenta in mulso illita, Plinius[8]. Si chemosis[9] (id est utriusque palpebrae distortio ex inflammatione) fortis contigerit, ovi luteum cum muscae (μυίας.[10] sed in hoc remedio caro muris non muscae adhibenda legitur apud Galenum Euporiston 1.31.) carne terito, atque ubi ad cerati formam deducta fuerint, linteolo excepta impone, confestim sedant, Archigenes apud Galenum de compos. med. sec. loc. 4.8. Et mox: Oblitiones oculorum, Ovi assi luteum cum modico croco ac vino tritum imponito. Vitellus cum croco et oleo rosaceo utilissimus est ictibus (magnis doloribus, Dioscor.) oculorum: et cum ex eo fit cataplasma cum farina hordei avertit fluxionem ab oculis: et cum thure fronti illinitur eandem ob causam, Avicenna. Vitellum ovi (eodem die positi) aliqui cum sale subigunt: et ustum inde pulverem oculis equorum lunaticis inspergunt: quo remedio cicatrices etiam aboleri aiunt. |
¶
The egg yolk roasted with rose-oil and saffron is useful for the strong
pains (periødyníais) at eyes, Dioscorides. The egg yolks cooked
so that become hard, and locally applied after having mixed a little bit
of saffron as well as of honey and milk of woman, mitigate the pains of
the eyes. Otherwise applied with wool joining rose-oil and honeyed wine,
or smeared with seeds of celery minced and barley polenta prepared with
honeyed wine, Pliny. If it will happen to have an intense chemosis (that
is a deformation of both eyelids due to inflammation), mince an egg yolk
with meat of fly (myías in Greek; but it is read in Galen -
Oribasius - Euporista I,31 that in this remedy we have to use
meat of mouse and not of fly), and when to both ingredients the
consistence of a wax poultice will be given, apply them after having put
them on a flax cloth, they quickly relieve, Archigenes in Galen in De
compositione medicamentorum secundum locos IV,8. And then: Ointments
for the eyes: Apply yolk of roasted egg and minced with a little bit of
saffron and rose-oil. The yolk with saffron and rose-oil is useful in
case of traumata (intense pains, Dioscorides) at eyes: and when by it a
cataplasm is dome with barley meal, it stops the lacrimation: and
together with the incense is smeared on the forehead for the same reason,
Avicenna. Some beat with salt the yolk of an egg (laid in the same day):
and they sprinkle the dust so gotten and toasted on the horses' eyes
turned white like the moon - from leucoma?: they say that by this
remedy also the scars are removed. |
¶ Ad cervicum tumores sedandos, ovorum vitelli cocti cum adipe anserina illinuntur, felle caprino, aequis ponderibus permixto, atque inde cervices fricantur, Marcellus. ¶ Ad mamillas Aegineta 3.35. ovorum luteis crudis cum cerato utitur. ¶ Fissuras ac rimas pudendorum iuvat resina fricta cum rosaceo trita ad strigmentitiam crassitudinem, ammixto etiam ovi assati vitello, Asclepiades apud Galenum lib. 9. de comp. sec. loc. ¶ Luteum ovi inassatum cum meliloto sedis inflammationibus prodest et condylomatis, Dioscor.[11] Cum vitello, sale et melle, sunt qui et crocum addant, balani ad alvum proritandam componuntur. Nonnulli cum celeritate opus est, vel alia desunt, vitellum copioso sale mixtum linteolo illigant. Cum propter haemorrhoides locus inflammatur, maxime ubi dura alvus eum locum laesit: tum in aqua dulci desidendum est, et vitium fovendum ovis, imponendi vitelli cum rosae foliis ex passo subacti, Celsus[12]. ¶ Ovorum vitellum (ut alibi etiam candidum) Hippocrates mollitoriis uteri medicamentis admiscet. |
¶
In order to attenuate the swellings of the neck, cooked egg yolks are
smeared in association with fat of goose which has to be mixed with bile
of goat in equal parts, and rubbings are done at the neck, Marcellus
Empiricus. ¶ For the mammae Aetius of Amida in III,35 uses raw egg
yolks with a wax poultice. ¶ It is good for genital chaps and rhagades
the fried resin minced with rose-oil up to bring it to the consistence
of skin's scraping gotten by the strigil, also mixing the yolk of a
roasted egg, Asclepiades in Galen, book IX of De compositione
medicamentorum secundum locos. ¶ The egg yolk roasted with yellow
melilot is good for perianal inflammations and condylomata acuminata,
Dioscorides. To stimulate the bowel suppositories are prepared with yolk,
salt and honey, and there are some adding also saffron. Some people,
when hurrying up, or when the other ingredients are missing, make a flax
little bundle putting the yolk mixed with abundant salt. When the area
is inflamed because of haemorrhoids, above all when the hard faeces
injured that area, then the bottom has to be soaked in sweet water, and
the disease must be treated with the eggs, the yolks must be applied
beaten with petals of rose in raisin wine, Celsus. ¶ The egg yolk (as,
in another passage, also the egg white) Hippocrates mixes it with
emollient remedies for the uterus. |
¶ Intra corpus cum aliis remediis. Gallinacei ovi vitellum semicoctum oleoque permistum si quis sorbeat, sitire desinet, Marcellus. ¶ Cum uva fruticis eius quem rhoa dicunt, aut galla in patinis frigitur vitellus, ut cibo alvos sistat: qui per se etiam offerri solet, Dioscor. Damus et ovorum assatorum lutea dysentericis cum modico aceto ac rhoe, paucissimo oleo admixto, Aetius. Quinque ovorum lutea in vini hemina cruda sorbentur dysentericis, cum {iure} <cinere> putaminis sui, et papaveris [449] succo ac vino, Plin.[13] |
¶
Internal employ with other remedies. If someone sips a yolk of a coddled
hen's egg and mixed with oil, he stops in being thirsty Marcellus Empiricus. ¶
The yolk is fried in frying pan together with a drupe of that bush they
call sumac, or together with a gallnut, so that as food it stops the
bowel: it is custom to offer it also alone, Dioscorides. We also give
the dysenteric patients the yolks of roasted eggs in association with a
little bit of vinegar and sumac, mixing very little oil, Aetius of Amida.
By dysenteric patients are sipped five raw egg yolks in a hemina
[250 ml] of wine together with the ash of their shells and with juice
of poppy and wine, Pliny. |
[1] Naturalis historia XXIX,45: Utilia sunt et cervicis doloribus cum anserino adipe, sedis etiam vitiis indurata igni, ut calore quoque prosint, et condylomatis cum rosaceo; item ambustis durata in aqua, mox in pruna putaminibus exustis, tum lutea ex rosaceo inlinuntur.
[2] Naturalis historia XXIX,42-43: Prodest et tussientibus per se luteum devoratum liquidum ita, ut dentibus non attingatur, thoracis destillationibus, faucium scabritiae. Privatim contra haemorrhoidos morsui inlinitur sorbeturque crudum. [43] Prodest et renibus, vesicae rosionibus exulcerationibusque. § È sempre questione di punti o di virgole. In ambedue le mie fonti pliniane disponibili il punto viene posto dopo scabritiae. Gessner lo mette dopo attingatur. È logico che il tuorlo dall'essere ingoiato contro il mal di gola passa ad essere spalmato. Si emenda il punto e la virgola. § Altro problema. Le lezioni sono discordanti: c’è chi riporta contra haemorrhoidos morsui inlinitur, chi dà contra haemorrhoidas morsui inlinitur, chi - come Gessner e Aldrovandi - riporta contra haemorrhoidum morsum inlinitur. Contra regge l’accusativo. Se l’accusativo è haemorrhoidas, allora è un accusativo plurale, e il dativo morsui bisogna farlo reggere da inlinitur, cui forse sarebbe più appropriato associare un ablativo. Insomma, la versione di Gessner e di Aldrovandi sembrerebbe la più corretta dal punto di vista sintattico, e oltretutto dal contesto pliniano si potrebbe evincere che il morsum non è dei serpenti emorroide, bensì è il tormento suscitato dalle emorroidi anali, delle quali si parla sempre al plurale - “Ho le emorroidi che mi danno un dolore boia!” -, salvo che con l’ispezione o con la palpazione si sia stabilito che di emorroide anale ne esiste una sola, e allora il paziente imprecherebbe giustamente così: “Ho un’emorroide che mi dà un dolore boia!”.
[3] Prescrizione già citata a pagina 442.
[4] In greco il vocabolo rhoûs significa sommacco.
[5] Naturalis historia XXIX44: Sistunt et menses mulierum cocta et e vino pota, inflationes quoque vulvae cruda cum oleo ac vino inlita.
[6] Già citato a pagina 447. - Naturalis historia XXIX,44: Ad liventia, si vetustiora sint, cum bulbis ac melle.
[7] L’aggettivo greco anødynos significa senza dolore, che calma il dolore.
[8] Naturalis historia XXIX,42: Lutea ovorum cocta, ut indurescant, admixto croco modice, item melle, ex lacte mulieris inlita dolores oculorum mitigant, vel cum rosaceo et mulso lana oculis inposita, vel cum trito apii semine ac polenta in mulso inlita.
[9] Il sostantivo greco chëmøsis significa gonfiore a forma di guscio d’ostrica, da chëmë = cama, che è una conchiglia.
[10] L'errore di trascrizione degli amanuensi è facile da dipanare, non foss'altro che per la difficoltà di reperire carne di mosca. In greco il topo suona μῦς, genitivo μυός. La mosca suona μυῖα, genitivo μυίας.
[11] Edizione di Jean Ruel, liber II, cap. 54 – Ovi natura: inassatum sedis inflammationibus prodest, cum croco, et rosaceo: et condylomatis, cum meliloto. – Come già puntualizzato a pagina 447, la ricetta di Dioscoride è un po’ diversa.
[12] De medicina VI,18,9: Tum in aqua dulci desidendum est, et fovendum ovis; inponendi vitelli cum rosae foliis ex passo subactis; idque si intus est, digito inlinendum; si extra, superinlitum panniculo imponendum est.
[13] Naturalis historia XXIX,43: Cruenta excreantibus V ovorum lutea in vini hemina cruda sorbentur, dysintericis cum cinere putaminis sui et papaveris suco ac vino.