Conrad Gessner
Historiae animalium liber III qui est de Avium natura - 1555
De Gallo Gallinaceo
transcribed by Fernando Civardi - translated by Elio Corti
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Ex
eiusdem authoris |
|
In
pullo elixo ius crudum. Adijcies in mortarium anethi semen, mentam
siccam, laseris radicem: suffundis acetum: adijcies caryotam: refundis
liquamen, sinapis modicum et oleum: defruto temperas, et sic mittis {in pullum
anethatum. Aliter pullus}. |
Raw
broth in boiled chicken.
You will put in a mortar dill seed, dried mint, root of
silphium,
sprinkle vinegar: add date: pour sauce of fish, a little mustard and
oil: season with cooked wine and so dish. |
<Pullum
anethatum:>[1] Mellis modice, liquamine
temperabis. {Lavas} <Levas> pullum coctum, et sabano mundo siccas,
charaxas, et ius scissuris infundis, ut combibat: et cum conbiberit,
assabis, et suo sibi iure {pertangis} <pinnis tangis>,
piper asperges et inferes. |
Chicken
with dill: You
will season with a little honey and sauce of fish. Take a cooked chicken
and dry it with a clean linen, make incisions and put broth in the cuts
so that it becomes soaked: and when it became impregnated you will roast
it and with feathers brush it with its juice, sprinkle pepper and dish. |
Pullus
Parthicus. Pullum aperies a navi (pectore forte. nam infra pullum
farsilem a pectore aperiri iubet. Sed Humelbergius partem posteriorem
ventris accipit) et in quadrato ornas: teres piper, ligusticum, carei
modicum: suffundes liquamen: vino temperas: componis in cumana pullum,
et condituram super pullum facies, laser et vinum {inter illas} <in tepida>[2]
dissolvis, et in pullum mittis simul et coques, piper asperges et
inferes. |
Parthian
Chicken. You
will open the chicken starting from belly (perhaps beginning from
breast; in fact more ahead he says that a chicken to be stuffed must be
open beginning from breast; but Gabriel Hummelberg means the rear belly)
and arrange it in a square shape: you will mince pepper, lovage, a
little caraway seeds: sprinkle sauce of fish: add wine: arrange the
chicken in an earthenware of Cuma and pour the seasoning over the
chicken, dissolve silphium and wine warming up them and put them
together in the chicken, and let cook, sprinkle with pepper and dish. |
Pullus
oxyzomus. Olei acetabulum maiorem satis modice, liquaminis acetabulum
minorem, aceti acetabulum perquam minorem, piperis scrupulos sex,
petroselinum, porri fasciculum. |
Chicken
in hot sauce:
A rather large acetabulum – a goblet for vinegar - of oil in
restrained quantity, a smaller acetabulum of fish sauce, a further
smaller acetabulum of vinegar, six scruples [around 7 g] of pepper,
parsley, a posy of leek. |
Pullus
Numidicus[3], (qualis apud Numidas
condiri solebat, aut potius ex pullis gallinae Numidicae.) Pullum curas,
elixas, lavas, lasere et pipere aspersum assas: teres piper, cuminum,
coriandri semen, laseris radicem, rutam, caryotam, nucleos: suffundis
acetum, mel, liquamen: et oleo temperabis. Cum ferbuerit, amylo obligas:
pullum perfundis: piper asperges et inferes. |
Chicken
in Numidian manner (as usually was seasoned among Numidians, or better, done with young
fowls of Numidian hen). Get a chicken, boil it, wash it, roast it after
has been sprinkled with silphium and pepper: you will mince pepper,
cumin, seed of coriander, root of silphium, rue, date, kernels:
sprinkle vinegar, honey, sauce of fish: and season with oil. When it is
boiling, wrap up with starch: dip the chicken: sprinkle with pepper and
dish. |
Pullus
laseratus[4]. Aperies a navi: lavabis,
ornabis et in cumana ponis: teres piper, ligusticum, {laser,
vinum} <laser vivum>[5]:
suffundis liquamen: vino et liquamine temperabis, et mittis pullum:
coctus si fuerit, pipere aspersum inferes. |
Chicken
with silphium:
You will open it starting from belly: then wash it, garnish and put in
an earthenware of Cuma: mince pepper, lovage, fresh silphium: sprinkle
sauce of fish: you will season it with wine and fish sauce and cook the
chicken: when cooked, after a pepper sprinkling dish it. |
Pullus
paroptus[6].
Laseris modicum, piperis scrupulos sex, olei acetabulum, liquaminis
acetabulum, petroselini modicum. |
Rare
chicken - Roasted on surface. A little bit of silphium, 6 scruples of pepper
[6.78 g], an acetabulum of oil, an acetabulum of sauce of fish, a very
little bit of parsley. |
Pullus elixus
ex iure suo[7]. Teres piper, cuminum,
thymi modicum, f{o}eniculi semen, mentham, rutam, laseris radicem:
suffundis acetum: adijcies caryotam et teres: melle, aceto, liquamine et
oleo temperabis: pullum refrigeratum et siccatum mittis, quem perfusum
inferes. |
Chicken
boiled in its broth. You will mince pepper, cumin, a little bit of thyme, seed of fennel,
mint, rue, root of silphium: pour vinegar: add date and mince: season
with honey, vinegar, sauce of fish and oil: put there the cold and dry
chicken which you will dish after it has been sprinkled. |
Pullus elixus
cum cucurbitis elixis[8].
Iure suprascripto addito sinape perfundis et inferes. |
Boiled
chicken with boiled pumpkins. After aforesaid broth has been added, pour on mustard and dish. |
Pullus elixus
cum colocasiis elixis[9].
Supradicto iure perfundis et inferes. {Facit} <Facis>[10]
et in elixum cum olivis colymbadibus non valde (impletum,) ita ut
laxamentum habeat, ne dissiliat dum coquitur in olla: submissum in
sportellam cum bullierit, frequenter lavas et ponis ne dissiliat. |
Boiled
chicken with boiled taros: Pour the aforesaid broth on it and dish. You can also boil it, not
too much (stuffed) with marinated olives so that there is some empty
room and it doesn't break while cooking in pot: placed in a small basket
after had boiled, you wash it several times and put it back so that it
doesn't break. |
Pullus
Varianus[11], (a Vario[12]
Heliogabalo fortassis, alias Vardanus.) Pullum coques iure hoc:
liquamine, oleo, vino: fasciculum porri, coriandri, satureiae: cum
coctus fuerit, teres piper, nucleos cyathos duos, et ius de suo sibi
suffundis, et fasciculos proijcies, lacte temperas, et reexinanies in
mortarium supra pullum ut ferveat: obligas cum albamentis ovorum tritis:
ponis in lance, et iure suprascripto perfundis. Hoc ius candidum
appellatur. |
Chicken
à la Varius (perhaps
from Varius Heliogabalus, otherwise called à la
Vardane). Boil the
chicken in this broth: sauce of fish, oil, wine, a posy of leek,
coriander,
savory: when cooked you will mince pepper, two cyathi [100
ml] of kernels, and sprinkle it with its broth and you will throw away
the posies, sweeten with milk, and you will drain it again in a mortar
as well as the chicken so that it gets boiling: blend with beaten egg
white: place in a tray and sprinkle with the aforesaid broth. This broth
is said candid. |
Pullus
Frontonianus[13]. Pullum praedura,
condies liquamine, oleo mixto, cui mittis fasciculum anethi, porri,
satureiae, et coriandri viridis et coques: ubi coctus fuerit, levabis
eum, in lance defruto perfundes, piper asperges et inferes. |
Chicken
à la Fronto
[Marcus
Cornelius Fronto?].
Let a chicken grow hard, you will season it with fish sauce mixed with
oil adding a posy of dill, leek, savory and green coriander, and cook,
when cooked take it out, sprinkle it in a tray with cooked wine, scatter
pepper and dish. |
Pullus
tractogalatus[14], (a tracta et lacte
quibus condiebatur, Humelbergius.) Pullum coques liquamine, oleo, vino:
cui mittis fasciculum coriandri, cepam: deinde cum coctus fuerit,
levabis eum de iure suo, et mittis in cacabum novum lac et salem modicum:
mel et aquae minimum, id est tertiam partem, ponis ad ignem lentum ut
tepescat: tractum confringis et mittis paulatim, assidue agitas ne
uratur, pullum illic mittis integrum vel carptum, versabis in lance,
quem perfundes iure tali. Piper, ligusticum, origanum: suffundis mel, et
defrutum modicum: et ius de suo sibi temperas in cacabulo: facies ut
bulliat: cum bullierit, amylo obligas et inferes. |
Chicken
with milk (tractogalatus
from tracta,
puff pastry, and lac, milk, by which it was seasoned, Gabriel
Hummelberg).
Let cook a chicken in fish sauce, oil, wine: to which you add a posy of
coriander, some onion: then when cooked you will remove it from its
broth and place milk in a new pot and a little bit of salt: simmer honey
and a very little bit of water, that is, the third part, so that it
tepefies: crumble puff pastry and add it bit by bit, stir frequently so
that it doesn't burn, place the chicken whole or asunder, transfer it in
a tray and sprinkle it with the following sauce: pepper, lovage, oregano:
pour honey and a little bit of cooked wine, and sweeten its broth in a
pot: bring it to boil: when boiling blend with starch and dish. |
Pullus
farsilis[15]. Pullum sic ne aliquid
in eo remaneat, a cervice expedies: teres piper, ligusticum, zingiber,
pulpam caesam, alicam elixam, teres cerebellum ex iure coctum: ova
confringis et commisces ut unum corpus efficias: liquamine temperas, et
oleum modice mittis, piper integrum, nucleos abundantes, fac inpensam,
et imples pullum, vel porcellum ita ut laxamentum habeat. Similiter et
in capo facies. Accipies pullum et ornas ut supra: aperies illum a
pectore, et omnibus eiectis coques. |
Stuffed
chicken. You
will prepare the chicken starting from neck so that nothing remains in
it: mince pepper, lovage, ginger, chopped meat, boiled emmer, mince the
brain cooked in broth: break some eggs and mix them until an unique mass
is done: season them with fish sauce and put a little bit of oil, entire
pepper, abundant kernels, prepare a stuffing and fill the chicken or the
piggy so that it has an empty room. Likewise you will do also in the
capon. You will take the chicken and garnish it as said before: you will
open it starting from breast and will cook it after what is inside has
been removed. |
Pullus
leucozomus[16]. Accipias aquam et
oleum Hispanum abundans, agitatur ut ex se ambulet et humorem consumat:
postea cum coctus fuerit, quodcunque olei remanserit, inde levas: piper
asperges, et inferes. |
Chicken
in white sauce:
You have to take water and plenty of Spanish oil, it is shaken so that
it flows alone and hides the water: then, when cooked, whatever quantity
of oil will be there, you remove it from there, sprinkle it with pepper
and dish. |
¶ In isicia
de pullo[17]. Olei floris lib. 1.
liquaminis quartarium, piperis semuncia. |
¶
Sausages of chicken.
A pound [327.45 g] of very good oil, a fourth of sextarius [125
ml] of sauce of fish, one-half
ounce [13.64 g] of pepper. |
Aliter de
pullo[18].
Piperis grana xxxi.
conteres, mittis liquaminis optimi calicem, caraeni [caroeni] tantundem,
aquae xi. mittes: et ad
vaporem ignis pones. |
Another
kind of chicken sausages. You will mince thirty-one grains of pepper, add a goblet of best fish
sauce and the same of cooked wine, you will pour eleven goblets of water
and will place on the smoke of a fire. |
Isicia de
pavo[19]
primum locum habent, ita si fricta fuerint ut callum vincant. secundum
isicia de phasianis, tertium de cuniculis, quartum de pullis. |
The
peacock sausages have
the top position if fried so that they lose hardness. The second place
belongs to pheasant sausages, the third to those of rabbit, the fourth
to those of chicken. |
Aliter[20],
(Isicium amylatum.) Ossicula de pullis expromas, deinde mittis in
cacabum porros, anethum, salem: cum cocta fuerint, addes piper, apii
semen: deinde orindam (forte oryzam, cuius et paulo ante meminerat in
simili isicio amylato. sed Humelbergius ex Hesychio orindam
interpretatur semen simile sesamae, etc.) infusam teres: addes liquamen
et passum vel defrutum, omnia misces et cum isiciis inferes, Apicius
2.2. |
Another
recipe (Sausage with starch).
You have to remove from chickens the little bones, then put in a pot
leeks, dill, salt: when cooked you will add pepper, fennel seed, then
mince brewed orinda (perhaps oryza - rice - which he had
also mentioned shortly before in a quite similar sausage with starch.
But Gabriel Hummelberg from Hesychius of Alexandria translates
with orinda a seed similar to sesame, etc.): you will add fish
sauce and raisin or boiled wine, mix all this and dish with sausages,
Apicius 2nd, 2. |
¶ Gallus cum
oxyliparo apponitur Dipnosophistis apud Athenaeum lib. {8} <9>.[21]
Γαλεούς
καὶ βατίδας
ὅσα τε τῶν γενῶν ἐν
ὀξυλιπάρῳ
τρίμματι
σκευάζεται,
Timocles Comicus. Est autem forte oxyliparum trimma[22]
[389] seu condimentum, idem aut simile quale supra in pullo oxyzomo
Apicius descripsit, quod conficitur aceto, liquamine et oleo quae lipara,
id est pinguia sunt, etc. Invenio oxyliparon genus esse iuris in quo
raiae ac caeteri eius naturae pisces mandi soleant, Hermolaus. |
¶
In Athenaeus,
9th
book, a rooster with
vinegar and oil is served to Dipnosophists. Galeoús kaì batídas
hósa te tôn genôn en oxylipárøi trímmati skeuázetai.
- Sharks and rays and quite a lot of subjects of this kind are
prepared in a piquant and fat sauce, Timocles the comic poet. For
perhaps the oxyliparum is the trimma or seasoning, alike
or similar to that Apicius described before in chicken with piquant
sauce, which is made with vinegar, fish sauce and oil, which are lipara,
that is, fat, etc. I find that oxyliparon is a kind of juice in
which usually rays and other fishes of this kind are eaten, Ermolao
Barbaro. |
[1] VI,9,1.a.-1.b.: 1.a. In pullo elixo ius crudum: adicies in mortarium anethi semen, mentam siccam, laseris radicem, suffundis acetum, adicies caryotam, refundis liquamen, sinapis modicum et oleum, defrito temperas et sic mittis. - 1,b. Pullum anethatum: mellis modice, liquamine temperabis. levas pullum coctum et sabano mundo siccas, caraxas et ius scissuris infundis, ut combibat, et cum combiberit, assabis et suo sibi iure pinnis tangis. piper aspersum inferes. (http://www.fh-augsburg.de)
[2]
http://www.fh-augsburg.de: laser [et] vivum in tepida dissolvis,[...].
[3] VI,9,4.
[4] VI,9,5.
[5]
http://www.fh-augsburg.de: laser vivum, [...].
[6] VI,9,6.
[7] VI,9,7.
[8] VI,9,9.
[9] VI,9,10.
[10]
VI,9,11. - http://www.fh-augsburg.de: Facis et in elixa[...].
[11] VI,9,12.
[12] Lampridio Elagabalus o Heliogabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) I.1: Vitam Heliogabali Antonini, qui Varius etiam dictus est,[...]
[13] VI,9,13.
[14] VI,9,14.
[15] VI,9,15.
[16] VI,9,16.
[17] II,2,3.
[18] II,2,4.
[19] II,2,6.
[20] II,2,9.
[21] IX,34,385a. § Giustamente Lind (1963) dà un’altra referenza - 9.385 - e sottolinea che gallus è un qui pro quo: il testo greco dice Galeoús, che è l’accusativo plurale di galeós, il pescecane.
[22] Il sostantivo greco neutro trîmma – da tríbø, trebbiare, tritare – è una cosa logorata, una raschiatura, una salsa, frammenti di qualcosa.