Athenienses post victoriam eius belli, quod cum Persis gesserunt, legem constituerunt, quotannis ut certo die galli in theatro publice certarent: unde vero initium lex duxerit, dicam. Contra Barbaros cum Themistocles exercitum duceret, et gallos non ignaviter pugnantes animadvertisset, exercitum confirmavit, his verbis ad milites usus: At hi neque pro patria, neque pro penatibus, neque pro sepulchris maiorum, atque libertate, neque pro pueris mala sustinent: sed ut ne vincantur, neuter cedit alteri. Quae cum dixisset, Atheniensibus animum auxit. Itaque id factum, quod eis fuisset significatio (incitamentum) ad virtutem, ad similium factorum monumentum servari voluerunt, Gillius ex Aeliani lib. 2. Variorum[1]. Gallinacei volunt vincere, ut aliae animantes innumerae pro sola victoria contendentes, Galenus lib. 5. de decretis Hippocratis. Vide etiam supra in D. Avium lanistae a Columella dicuntur, qui gallinas (gallos) parant, instruuntque ad certamen. qui mos hodieque durat apud Boëmos: ubi primores praeparant gallos gallinaceos pugnae quasi gladiatoriae, fiuntque sponsiones pretii non parvi, dum unusquisque pecuniam largam deponit, quam aufert dominus victoris gallinacei, Beroaldus. Circa Tarnasari urbem Indiae gallinaceos procerissimos videre memini: ex quorum sane acerrimis conflictibus summam voluptatem cepi. nam quotidie huic ludo per medios vicos Mahumetanorum animi causa opera dabatur, mirumque est Mahumetanorum pro hac re certamen. habent privi privos gallos gallinaceos, eosque committunt aliis, expositis quandoque pro alitum futura victoria utrinque aureis centenis singulo congressu. Conspicati sumus senis horis concertantes alites, nec prius illae modum proelio faciebant, quam occubuissent, Ludovicus Romanus <Patritius>.

Athenians, after they won that war against Persians – 2^nd Persian war, proclaimed a law according to which every year in a fixed day the roosters had to fight publicly in a theater: and I will explain whence the law started. Themistocles, while leading the army against barbaric peoples, having seen some roosters fighting anything but lazily, stopped the army and addressed the soldiers with these words: But they are not burdening themselves with adversities neither for fatherland, nor for house, and nor for ancestors' sepulchers and freedom, nor for children: but in order to not be defeated, neither of them surrenders to other. As soon as he said these words, he increased Athenians' courage. And therefore this event, having been for them a signal (an incitement) to courage, they wanted that it was preserved as testimony of analogous events, Pierre Gilles from 2^nd book of Aelian Variae historiae. The roosters want to win, as countless other animals are fighting only for victory, Galen 5^th book of In Hippocratis aphorismos commentarii. See also before, in the paragraph D - at page 385. By Columella are called lanistae those who are preparing the hens (the roosters) and training them to the fight. A practice that persists also today among Bohemians: where the most eminent persons prepare the roosters to a fight as among gladiators, and large bets are made, since everyone puts in pawn a big amount of money, picked up by the master of the winning rooster, Filippo Beroaldo the Elder. In the outskirts of a city of the Tarnasari region in India I remember that tall roosters can be seen: and in truth I got a big pleasure from their very harsh fights. In fact every day thanks to Moslems' nature we were devoting ourselves to this amusement bang in the middle of the quarters, and the competition among Moslems in this connection is amazing. Everyone has his rooster and makes it to fight with the others, sometimes after by both parts for each match till one hundred gold coins has been betted for the future birds' victory. I have been able to see the roosters fighting for six hours running, and they didn't stop the fight before they died, Lodovico de Varthema.

¶ M. Varro[2] principatum dat ad agros laetificandos turdorum fimo ex aviariis. proximum Columella[3] columbariis, mox gallinariis facit, Plinius[4]. Gallinaceum fimum mulieres nostrae laudant pro betonica altili, quae in vasis colitur: non item ad alia, quod multae inutiles herbae ex eo nascantur. ¶ Qui piscandi scientiam in Macedonia tenent, ut pisces quosdam fluviatiles variis distinctos coloribus, (poecilias[5] puto Graece legi, sic dictos pisces) qui muscis in fluvio volitantibus vescuntur, capiant: purpurascente lana hamum circumvestiunt, et ad eandem lanam gallinacei pennas duas cerei coloris[6] speciem gerentes accomodant et conglutinant, etc. Aelianus[7]. Lac coagulatur etiam a domesticae gallinae pellicula, quae intra ventriculum stercori destinata est, echinus ab aspritudine Graecis appellata, ceu cortex quidam, Berytius apud Constantinum. ¶ Esca ad capiendos pisces magnos, omniaque marina, velut glaucos, orphos, et quaecunque sunt huiusmodi: Galli testiculi cum nucibus pineis torrefactis, ac tritis committuntur, ita ut sint testiculorum drachmae octo, nucum pinearum drachmae sedecim, teruntur autem in farinae speciem, fiuntque collyria, quorum esca pisces illectantur, Tarentinus in Geoponicis Graecis. ¶ Cur gallus, simia, serpens, canis, culeo parricidae inserantur, ex Hier. Cardano scriptum est in Simia E. ad finem. ¶ Seminarium munitum sit ad incursum gallinacei generis, Plin[8]. ¶ Uvae florem in cibis si edere gallinacei, uvas non attingunt, Plin.[9] Vide in Gallina E.

¶ Marcus Varro awards the primacy in manuring fields to thrushes' dung coming from aviaries. Columella judges as equivalent that coming from dovecotes, then is coming that from hen-pens, Pliny. Our women praise chickens' dung for manured betony grass, which is cultivated in pots: but not for other crops since quite a lot of useless herbs would be born from it.  ¶ Those who in Macedonia hold the fishing knowledge, in order to catch certain river's fishes varicolored (I think that in Greek these so defined fishes sound as poecilias) feeding on flies flying on rivers, they envelop the hook with purple wool, and they join and glue to the wool itself two rooster's feathers having a wax's appearance, etc., Aelian. The milk is also coagulated by that pellicle of domestic hen, and, located inside the stomach, it is devoted to dung's production, for its roughness said by Greeks echinus - porcupine, and it is as a kind of peel, the geoponic Berytius in the selection of geoponic works compiled on order of Constantine 7^th Porphyrogenitus - today present in Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi Scholastici). ¶ A bait to catch big fishes and every kind of sea animal as bastard kitefin sharks, scorpion fishes and any such animal: rooster's testicles are joined with toasted and minced pine nuts so that there are eight drachmas [around 25 g] of testicles, sixteen drachmas of pine nuts, the whole must be made floury and poultices are made, and fishes are seduced by such a bait, Tarantinus - a geoponic - in Greek Geoponics. ¶ Why a rooster, a monkey, a snake, a dog, are put in the leather bag of the parricides - culleus, I transcribed drawing it from Gerolamo Cardano, toward the end of the paragraph E about monkey. ¶ The nursery has to be protected against the raids of gallinaceous genus, Pliny. ¶ If the chickens eat grapes' flowers in feed, they don't' touch the grapes. See in the paragraph E of the hen.

F.

F

De gallinacei generis totius in cibis usu, apparatu, et
salubritate, gallorum, gallinarum, et pullorum. De ovis tantum separatim dicetur
in Gallina F. item de Capo privatim quaedam.

About use, preparation and salubriousness as food of the whole gallinaceous genus,
of roosters, hens and chicks. About eggs I will speak only  separately in the paragraph F of the hen, likewise I will say something separately about the capon.

In Alexandri Severi conviviis esse solebant gallinae, ova, etc. adhibebatur et anser diebus festis, maioribus autem festis diebus fasianus: ita ut aliquando et duo ponerentur, additis gallinaceis duobus, Lampridius[10]. Pertinax imperator nimium illiberalis, amicis si quando de prandio suo mittere voluit, misit offulas binas, aut omasi partem, aliquando lumbos gallinaceos, Iulius Capitolinus[11]. Hoc primum antiquis coenarum interdictis exceptum invenio iam lege C. Fannii consulis undecim annis ante tertium Punicum bellum, ne quid volucrum poneretur praeter unam gallinam, quae non esset altilis: Quod deinde caput translatum, per omnes leges ambulavit. Inventumque diverticulum est in fraude earum, gallinaceos quoque pascendi lacte madidis cibis. multo ita gratiores approbantur, Plin.[12] Et mox cum de saginatione gallinarum dixisset, Nec tamen (inquit) in hoc mangonio quicquam totum placet, {hic} clune, alibi pectore tantum laudatis. Constat Messalinum Cottam Messalae oratoris filium palmas pedum ex anseribus torrere, atque patinis cum gallinaceorum cristis condire reperisse, Plinius[13]. Heliogabalus saepe edit ad imitationem Apicii calcanea camelorum, et cristas vivis gallinaceis demptas, linguas pavonum et lusciniarum, quod qui ederet ab epilepsia tutus diceretur, Lampridius[14].

During the banquets of Alexander Severus usually there were hens, eggs, etc. During festivities also the goose was served, but the pheasant during more important festivities: so that sometimes even two were put in table with the addition of two chickens, Lampridius. The emperor Petrtinax was a little bit too much sparing, being that when he wanted to send to friends a little bit of his food, he sent two morsels of meat or a fragment of tripe, sometimes chickens' backside, Julius Capitolinus. Among ancient prohibitions about courses, for the first time formerly in the law of the consul Caius Fannius drafted eleven years before third Punic war - in 161 BC, I find the prohibition of putting in table no birds except for only a not fattened hen. This article was subsequently resumed and passed from a law to other. They found a loophole to deceive these laws also raising the roosters with foods soaked in milk. So they are considered of very more refined taste, Pliny. And soon after he spoke about hens' fattening he says: However, in this manner of adorning courses, not everything is equally pleasant, since the leg is praised, elsewhere only the breast. It turns out that Messalinus Cotta, the son of Messalla orator, thought up the recipe of roasting goose's legs. and seasoning in frying pan with roosters' combs, Pliny. Heliogabalus, often in order to imitate Apicius, ate the shin bones of the camels and the cut combs from alive roosters, the tongues of peacocks and nightingales, since they said that he who had eaten them would have been safe from epilepsy, Lampridius.

¶ Apparatus varii. Apicius lib. 5. Artis coquinariae, cum Conchiclas[15] quasdam (sic dicta edulia a faba conch{id}e, ut puto) cum faba et cum pisa descripsisset: Aliter (inquit) conchiclam sic facies: Pullum lavas, exossas, concidis minutatim cepam, coriandrum, cerebella enervata: mittis in eundem pullum: liquamine, oleo et vino ferveat, cum coctus fuerit, concidis minutatim cepam et coriandrum, colas ibi pisam coctam non conditam, accipies conchiclam pro modo, componis varie: deinde teres piper, cuminum: suffundis ius de suo sibi. item in mortario ova duo dissolves, temperas, ius de suo sibi suffundis pisae integrae elixae, vel nucleis adornabis, et lento igni fervere facies, et inferes.

¶ Various preparations. Apicius in the 5^th book of De re coquinaria, described certain little fava beans - or soups from fava beans with peelings - (they are so called foods from fava bean with its peel, as I think) done with fava bean and pea, and he says: You will make a little fava beans soup in another manner as follows: Wash a chicken, bone it, cut into little pieces onion, coriander, brains without nerves, put them in the chicken itself: it has to boil with sauce of fish, oil and wine, when it will be cooked chop up onion and coriander, strain over this cooked unseasoned pea, you will take little fava beans soup in proportion, arrange in different ways: then you will crush pepper, cumin: you pour on them its broth. You also break two eggs in a mortar, beat them, scatter their juice on entire boiled peas, or you will garnish with kernels, and cook on a slow heat, and you will dish.

Aliter[16] conchicla farsilis, sive conchiclatus pullus vel porcellus: Exossas pullum a pectore, femora eius iungis in porrectum, surculo alligas, et impensam paras, et facies alternis pisam lotam, [388] cerebella, lucanicas, et caetera, teres piper, ligusticum, origanum et zingiber. liquamen suffundis, passo et vino temperabis. facies ut ferveat. et cum ferbuerit, mittis modice et {pisam} <impensam> cum condieris, alternis in pullo componis, omento tegis, et in operculo deponis, et in furnum mittis ut coquantur paulatim, et inferes.

In another manner, a stuffed little fava beans soup, that is chicken or piggy cooked with fava beans: You bone the chicken from the breast, join its straightened legs, fix with a skewer and prepare the ingredients, and you will arrange alternatively washed peas, brains, Lucanian sausages and so on: you will mince pepper, lovage, oregano and ginger. Sprinkle sauce of fish and blend raisin wine. Bring to the boil and when it is boiling you cook on a slow heat, and when you will have seasoned the ingredients, arrange them alternatively in the chicken, cover with the omentum and place in a cover and put in oven so that they cook slowly, and dish.