Contra omnium phalangiorum [397] (aranearum, Rasis) morsus remedium est gallinaceum cerebrum cum piperis exiguo potum in posca, Plinius[1]. Ad cunctos autem morsus ictusque minorum, | Exiguo piperis cerebrum conspergito galli, | Quo lita (alii authores bibi, non lini volunt) sanescunt depulso membra dolore, Serenus. Gallinarum cerebellum sanguinem a cerebri membrana profluentem (per nares a cerebri velaminibus, Avicenna) sistit, Dioscorides[2] et Plinius[3]. naribus sanguine fluentibus prodest, Marcellus. contra fluxum sanguinis a cerebro, Rasis. Ad sanguinem e naribus sistendum: Aut galli cerebro, vel sanguine tinge columbae, | Quod nisi supprimitur sanguis, potandus et ipse est, Serenus. Atqui Galenus in libro de simplicibus hoc remedium non tanquam e cerebello, sed e sanguine gallinae a quibusdam memoratum reprobat, ut superius recitavi[4]. Cerebrum gallinarum in cibo sumptum acuit intellectum. quare caput asseritur cassare (sic habet codex impressus) caecitatem, Arnoldus in Breviario. Cerebrum gallinarum contra tremorem cerebri[5] commendatur a Rasi. Gingivis puerorum infricatur ut dentes absque dolore nascantur, Kiranides.

Against the bites of all the poisonous arachnids (of spiders, Razi) the brain of chicken drunk with water and vinegar and with a little bit of pepper represents a remedy, Pliny. But against all the bites and stings of bugs, | place on them brain of rooster with little pepper, | and the areas covered by it (other authors think that it must be drunk, not applied) are recovered with disappearance of the pain, Serenus Sammonicus. The brain of hens staunches the blood coming out from the membrane enveloping the brain (from the membranes enveloping the brain and which is passing through nostrils, Avicenna), Dioscorides and Pliny. It is helpful in case of bleeding nostrils, Marcellus Empiricus. Against the flow of blood coming from brain Razi. To stop the blood running from nostrils: Apply brain of rooster or blood of pigeon, and if the  blood doesn't halt, it has also to be drunk, Serenus Sammonicus. But Galen in De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus condemns this remedy, mentioned by some people not as prepared with brain but with blood of hen, as I formerly reported. The brain of hen taken as food sharpens the intellect. Hence they affirm that the head cancels (so the printed code reports) the blindness; Arnaldus from Villanova in Breviarium practicae medicinae. The brain of hen is recommended by Razi against a trembling head - perhaps the essential tremor. It is rubbed on gums of children so that the teeth come out without pain, Kiranides.

¶ Quae interiore ventriculi galli sinu residet membrana[6], secti in laminas cornus specie similis, quae inter coquendum abijci solet, siccatur, (et reponitur ad remedia,) Dioscor. Pellicula ceu cortex quidam intra ventriculum gallinae stercori destinata, echinus[7] ab aspritudine Graecis appellatur, et lactis coagulandi vim habet, Berytius apud Constantinum[8]. haec vis alioqui propria tribuitur ruminantium adhuc lactentium ventriculis, quos et coagula nominant. Vide plura in Echino terrestri G. ab initio de nomine huius particulae. Magna fraude medicamentarii institores nobis imponunt, qui ex ventriculo, quo nihil in alitibus istis carniosus est, panniculos detractos et siccatos pro ingluvie vendunt. et haec est causa cur nemo hodie mihi cognoscatur, qui se feliciter in ventriculo roborando, pelliculis istis usum profiteatur: Gyb. Longolius, non ex ventriculo, sed ex primo cibi in gallinis receptaculo, quod stomachum et ingluviem vocat, hanc membranam decerpendam sentiens. Atqui ego veteres hanc vim non ingluviei aut stomacho, id est ori ventriculi galli gallinaeve, sed ipsius ventriculi, quem κοιλίαν proprie vocant, interiori membranae, tribuisse asseruerim. Nam et Dioscorides κοιλίαν nominat de hac membrana agens lib. 2. cap. 43. tum ab initio, tum in fine eius capitis. quanquam adiecta in fine a quibusdam adulterina existimantur. Et Galenus libro 11. de simplicibus post coelian, id est ventriculum mergi statim huius membranae meminit, intus adverbium ponens pro eo quod est in ventriculo. Uno tantum in loco (libro tertio Parabilium, qui Galeno falso adscribitur) galli gulam una cum larynge (scribitur autem Graece etiam γούλαν) iis auxiliari qui strata permingunt, legimus.

¶ That membrane lying inside the stomach of the rooster, resembling to a transversally sectioned horn, and which during the cooking is usually thrown away, is dried (and preserved for remedies), Dioscorides. That pellicle, or kind of peel, located inside the stomach of the hen, devoted to dung production, because of its roughness is named by Greeks echînos - hedgehog, and is endowed with the property of coagulating milk, the geoponic Beritius in the selection of geoponic works compiled thanks to Constantine VII (present today in Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi Scholastici). On the other hand this property is attributed, as he specifies, to the stomach of still sucking ruminants, which they call rennet too. See more details in the chapter of hedgehog, paragraph G, starting from the beginning, about the name of this anatomical structure. The dealers of medicines palm off it on us by resorting to a big fraud, since they sell us as crop the membranes of the stomach after they dried them, in comparison with which there is nothing fleshier in these birds. And this is the reason why today I don't know anyone declaring to make use of these membranes to strengthen the stomach with a positive result: in fact according to Gisbert Longolius in hens this membrane has to be peeled off not from the stomach, but from the first receptacle of the food he calls stomach and crop. But I would be inclined to affirm that ancients attributed this power not to the crop neither to glandular stomach, that is, to the first section of the stomach of rooster or hen, but to the inner membrane of the properly called stomach which they correctly call koilían – hollow, i.e. muscular stomach or gizzard.  In fact also Dioscorides quotes the koilían when speaking of this membrane in the 2^nd book, chapter 43, both at the beginning and at the end of this chapter. Nevertheless by some people the last additions are considered spurious. Also Galen, in 9^th book of De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus, after the coelian, that is, the stomach of merganser, directly mentions this membrane, putting the adverb intus - inside, being that it is lying inside the stomach. Only in a passage (in 3^rd book of De remediis parabilibus wrongly ascribed to Galen) we read that the throat of the rooster along with the larynx (in fact in Greek it is written also as goúlan) is useful to those wetting the bed with urine.

Tunica interior gallinarum lixivio calido hora una maceratur, ter lavatur, deinde vino ter[9] maceratur, et ter lavatur: iterum lixivio, post vino, et siccatur clibano ex quo panis extractus est, Sylvius ex Bartolemaeo [Bartholomeo] Montagnana. Ventris gallinaceorum membrana quae abijci solet, inveterata et in vino trita auribus purulentis calida infunditur, Plin.[10] Galli gallinacei ex ventriculo interiore membrana, quae proijci solet, arefacta tritaque ex vino, adiecto paulo opii, medicamen auribus utilissimum facit, quod calefactum infusum suppurationem eius (earum) expurgat et sanat, Marcellus. Pellis interior de ventriculo galli trita cum vino auribus prodest, et sputum (pus forte) movet, Constantinus.

The inner membrane of hens is soaked for a hour in warm lye, is washed thrice, then is soaked thrice in wine and thrice is washed: then again in lye, then in wine, and is dried in an oven from which the bread has been removed, Jacques Dubois drawing from Bartolomeo Montagnana. That membrane of the stomach of chickens usually thrown away, aged and minced in wine, is infused warm in ears secreting pus, Pliny. The membrane of the rooster drawn from the stomach, from the stomach lying inside the body, and which is usually thrown away, dried and minced in wine, with the addition of some opium, represents a very useful medicine for ears, since when warmed up and infused cleans up and recovers its (their) suppuration, Marcellus Empiricus. The inner membrane of the stomach of rooster, minced with wine, is useful to ears, and removes the spit (perhaps the pus), Constantinus Africanus.

¶ Gallinaceorum ventris membrana inveterata et inspersa potioni, destillationes pectoris et humidam tussim vel recens tosta lenit, Plinius[11]. Ventriculi gallinacei membranam, qua sordes aqualiculi continentur, arefactam terito diligenter, et cum vino potui dato, humidam tussim sedabis, Marcellus.

¶ The membrane of the stomach of chickens aged and sprinkled on a potion, or fresh and roasted, relieves the catarrhs of respiratory ways and the damp cough, Pliny. Mince very well the dried membrane of the muscular stomach of chickens - or gizzard, in which the dregs of belly are contained, and give it to be drunk with wine, you will calm the damp cough, Marcellus Empiricus.

¶ Trita in vino convenienter stomachicis datur in potu, Dioscorides. Ant. G<u>ainerius has membranas praeparatas miscet medicamento cuidam ad confortandum ventriculum: item Leonellus medicamento ad stomachi dolorem. Tunicam interiorem ventriculi secundi gallinarum miro quodam modo, lotam et siccatam, et potam, stomachicis augere coquendi facultatem, falsum esse expertus est Galenus (de medic. simplicib. lib. 11.) Unde subit admirari in ea {haeresi} <haerese> falsa medicos omnes etiam hodie permanere. Putant, opinor, eam vim illi esse, quod ea similis sit tunicae internae ventriculi nostri, sed vi tanta coquendi praedita, ut lapillos conficiat. sed aequius fuerit, eam tunicam ex struthiocamelo sumere, quippe cui mira sit natura coquendi, quae sine delectu devorarit, (ut refert Plinius 10.1.[12]) ut ferrum et ossa vervecum integra. Unde et pelles eorum[13] cum plumis mollioribus concinnatas stomachicis applicant, Sylvius. An non vident harum pellicularum temperamentum vitiari siccatione: et vim illam coquendi vivis inesse, non superesse mortuis: nec fortasse pellibus illis insitam, sed potius a carne multa crassa densaque pelliculam hanc undique ambiente: Iac. Sylvius.

¶ Minced in wine is given to be drunk with good results to those with stomach trouble, Dioscorides. Antonio Guainerio mixes these already prepared membranes with a medicine to strengthen the stomach: similarly Leonello Vittori mixes it with a medicine against stomachache. Galen (11^th book of De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus) has been able to show with testing that is false the fact that the inner membrane of the second stomach of hens, washed and dried, and drunk, improves in an almost marvelous way the digestive power of those with stomach trouble. That's why I cannot be surprised by the fact that still today all the physicians are fixedly keeping in that false thesis. In my opinion, they think that it has that power being similar to the inner covering of our stomach, but that it is endowed with such a great digestive power to be able to crumble pebbles. But it would be more correct to draw such a membrane from ostrich, since it is endowed with an extraordinary digestive power of the things he swallowed without tasting them (as Pliny reports in X,1) as the iron and the whole bones of castrated rams. That's why to those with stomach trouble they apply also their skin - the skin of ostriches - trimmed with the softest feathers, Jacques Dubois. Perhaps they don't realize that the power of these membranes of coilin is ruined by drying and that such a digestive power is present in alive subjects, while doesn’t longer remain in dead ones: and that perhaps it is neither inborn in those skins, but that rather it comes from the big amount of thick and dense flesh surrounding all over this membrane, Jacques Dubois.

Si hordeo malo aut nimio iumentum laeditur, remedium est pelliculam de ventre pulli siccatam fumo deterere, additisque octo scrupulis piperis, et quatuor cochlearibus mellis, et uncia pollinis ex thure, cum sextario vini veteris tepefacto per os dare, Vegetius[14].

If a burden animal undergoes some damages from spoiled or excessive  barley, the remedy is represented by a coarsely chopping of the membrane of a chicken's stomach dried by smoking, and to give it by mouth after eight scruples of pepper [9 g] have been added, and four spoons of honey and an ounce [27.28 g] of incense dust with a sextarius [500 ml] of old wine warmed up, Vegetius.

¶ De usu eiusdem pelliculae ad ileon, vide infra in remedio ex iecore. ¶ Hanc pelliculam de gallina nigra quidam e vulgo adversus regium morbum edendam suadent, bis aut ter.

¶ For the use of the same membrane against the intestinal occlusion, see below when I speak about remedies gotten from liver. ¶ Some of the common people against jaundice advise to eat two or three times this membrane gotten from a black hen.

¶ Pellis interior de ventriculo galli trita et cum vino pota ventrem astringit, Constantinus. Gallorum ventriculus (Marcellus {Vergilius} <Virgilius>[15] interpres addit, in senectute, quoniam proxime de veterum gallinaceorum iure dixerat author) inveteratus (κοιλία ταριχευθεῖσα) et in umbra siccatus pondere trium unciarum (ὅσον γ’ [16], sic habet codex noster impressus, corrupta ut apparet ponderis nota, drachmae fortassis, quae designatur alibi in Dioscoride instar maiusculi lambda iacentis, hoc modo <,) sumptus, praesenti remedio est contra nimias purgationes, quae a deijcientibus alvum [398] medicamentis fiunt. quamprimum enim purgationes eas sistit. in quem usum terendus est et cum aqua bibendus. (δ’εἰ δὲ τρίμμα ποιεῖν καὶ ἑνοῦν μετὰ ὕδατος καὶ διδόναι. malim ita reddere, in quem usum contritus et cum aqua permixtus, [instar trimmatis aut moreti,] exhibendus est,) Dioscorides: cuius interpres Marcellus {Vergilius} <Virgilius>, Hunc locum (inquit) Serapio non habet, neque antiqua interpretatio, neque probatissimus mihi codex Latinae translationis. unde fit ut suspicemur accrevisse eum Dioscoridi, praesertim quum alienus etiam Dioscoridis sermonis in ea re ductus nobis videatur.

¶ The inner membrane of the stomach of the rooster minced and drunk with wine acts as intestinal astringent, Constantinus Africanus. The stomach of the roosters (Marcellus Virgilius, who is the translator, adds when they are old, being that the author had just spoken of broth of old roosters) aged (koilía taricheutheîsa) and dried in shade, taken in dose of three ounces [around 80 g] (hóson γ’, thus has our printed code, as it seems with the corrupted symbol of weight, perhaps of the drachma, which in Dioscorides in other points is represented as a lain down capital lambda, thus <) represents an immediate remedy against excessive evacuations coming from medicines emptying the bowel. In fact it stops at once such evacuations. For this use it must be minced and drunk with water (I would prefer to translate d’ei dè trímma poieîn kaì henoûn metà húdatos kaì didónai as follows: for such an employment it must be given minced and mixed with water [instead of a minced or of a mixed little flat bread]), Dioscorides; and his translator Marcellus Virgilius says: Serapion doesn't have this passage, neither have it the ancient translation nor the for me excellent code of the Latin translation. That' why – he adds - my suspect is that this passage was added to the text of Dioscorides, above all because also the manner of writing on this subject in my opinion is disagreeing with the style of Dioscorides