Ulisse Aldrovandi

Ornithologiae tomus alter - 1600

Liber Decimusquartus
qui est 
de Pulveratricibus Domesticis

Book 14th
concerning
domestic dust bathing fowls

transcribed by Fernando Civardi - translated by Elio Corti

256

 


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Lactantius[1] in eundem Socratem ob id invectus ita infit: Quis iam superstitiones Aegyptiorum audeat reprehendere, quas Socrates Athenis authoritate confirmavit sua? Illud vero nonne summae vanitatis, quod ante mortem familiares suos rogavit, ut Aesculapio Gallum, quem voverat, pro se sacrarent? Timuit videlicet, ne apud Rhadamanthum recuperatorem voti reus fieret ab Aesculapio. Dementissimum hominem putarem, si morbo perisset. Cum vero hoc sanus fecerit, et ipse insanus, qui eum putet sapientem.

Lactantius, attacking Socrates himself for the same reason, begins as follows: Who now would dare to reprehend the superstitions of the Egyptians, which Socrates at Athens strengthened thanks to his authority? Was not that deed one of the greatest vanity when before his death he asked his friends to offer to Aesculapius for him the cock he had promised? Surely he feared lest he would be obliged by Aesculapius to fulfill the vow in presence of the judge Rhadamanthus. I should regard him as most insane man if he had died because of an illness. Since a judicious person would have done this, and he who considers him as wise, he himself is mad.

Defendit Socratem Caelius Rhodiginus[2] his fere verbis: Oblitus est, inquit, Lactantius sententiae illius, nunquam futurum Platonicum, qui allegorice non putet Platonem intelligendum. Quid vero illis involucris sibi Plato voluerit, iam nunc ex Platonicorum sententia promere adoriar. Prisci Aesculapio medico, Phoebi filio Gallum sacrificabant, diei, solisque nuncium, id est, divinae beneficentiae morborum omnium curatrici, quae divinae providentiae filia nominatur, cui diem, id est, vitae lumen, se debere fatebantur. Eiusmodi medicum Socrates in superioribus perquiri iusserat morborum animi curatorem. Praeterea priscorum oracula tradunt, animas remeantes in caelum paeana, id est, triumphalem cantilenam Phoebo canere. Reddit ergo Deo votum, ut alacer paeana canens caelestem repetat patriam. Hactenus Rhodiginus{,}<.>

Lodovico Ricchieri defends Socrates by more or less these words. He says: Lactantius forgot that statement which says: No one will ever become a Platonist who does not think that Plato must be understood allegorically. But what Plato meant by those coverings I shall now proceed to explain from the attitude of the Platonists. The ancients used to sacrifice to the physician Aesculapius, son of Apollo - or Phoebus - a rooster, messenger of the day and of the sun, that is, of the divine beneficence, curative of any illness, which is named the daughter of divine providence, to which they acknowledged to owe the day, that is, the light of life. Socrates bade that among superior entities a physician of this kind to be chosen as curator of the illnesses of the soul. Furthermore the rules of the ancients report that the souls on their return to heaven sing a paean to Phoebus, that is, a song of triumph. Therefore he fulfils a vow to the god, so that singing cheerful a paean he can come back to heavenly fatherland. Thus far Lodovico Ricchieri.

Postremo alios etiam morientes eidem Aesculapio Gallum vovisse legimus. {Artemidorum} <Artemidorus>[3] enim, referente {Paulo} <Lilio> Gyraldo[4], alterius cuiusdam somnium enarrat, qui Gallum Aesculapio vovit, si sanus foret. Caeterum Gallinas etiam eidem Deo vovebant, teste Festo[5], unde dicebat Iuvenalis[6].

Libet expectare quis aegram

Et claudentem oculos Gallinam impendat amico

Tam sterili, id est pauperi, et Prudentius[7]:

Quanvis promittere et ipsi
Gallinam soleant, aut Gallum<,> clinicus{,} ut {sic} <se>[8]

Dignetur praestare Deus morientibus aequum.

Finally we read that others also vowed a cock to the same Aesculapius when they were dying. For, according to Giglio Giraldi, Artemidorus of Daldi tells the dream of someone else who vowed a cock to Aesculapius if he should become healthy. Furthermore, according to Festus, they vowed also hens to the same god, whence Juvenal said:

It is pleasant to wait for someone who sacrifices a sick hen and which is closing its eyes for so an unproductive friend, that is, poor.

And Prudentius:

Although they also are accustomed to promise a hen or a rooster, so that the physician god is so kind as to grant to dying persons what is right.

Non admittebantur vero Gallinae ad eiusmodi sacra, nisi, ut Alexander ab Alexandro[9] scribit, quae rostro essent nigro, nigrisque pedibus, et digitis imparibus. Si enim rostrum pedesque lutea habuissent, velut impurae ab aruspicibus credebantur. Plinius huius rei quidem mentionem facit, sed de imparitate non{:} inquiens: Gallinae luteo rostro pedibusque ad rem divinam purae non videntur: ad opertanea sacra nigrae. Sed num istaec sacra ad Aesculapium pertineant videndum foret. Ea autem seclusa vocabantur Graecis μυστήρια.

Hens were not allowed for such sacrifices unless, as Alessandro Alessandri writes, they had a black beak, black legs, and odd toes. If they had a yellow beak and legs, they were considered impure by haruspices. Pliny makes mention of this fact but without speaking of odd number: Hens with yellow beak and legs are not considered uncontaminated for divine services: the black ones are suitable for secret rites. But one may inquire whether these rites were concerning Aesculapius. For those taking place covertly were called mystëria - secret rites - by Greeks.

Hoc idem avium genus Herculi, eiusque uxori {Mnesias[10]} <Mnaseas>, referente Aeliano[11], miro modo {sacras} <sacrum> fuisse prodidit. Fuisse nempe templum quoddam Herculis, et uxoris eius, hanc ceu Iovis filiam in huius templi ambitu cicures aves multas nutrisse, nempe Gallos, et Gallinas, compavisse autem, et gregatim pro sui generis sexu degisse, et sumptu alites publico, diis, quos diximus, consecratos, Gallinas in aede {Hebae} <Hebes>, Gallinaceos in Herculis pastos. Fluxisse autem in medio rivum perennem, et {lympidae} <limpidae> aquae. Gallinarum nullam ad Herculis templum accessisse, nec ullum Gallorum ad {Hebae} <Hebes>: at suo tempore mares stimulatos libidine rivum transvolasse, et postquam impleverant faeminas, ad Deum suum, et suas redisse sedes lustratos, purgatosque interfluenti rivo, quo sexus uterque dispesceretur. Natis deinde tempestive ovis, et exclusis incubitu pullis, faeminas novellas matribus, mares genitoribus accessisse, et altos. Haec ille. Quae nunquid vera sint, alii iudicent. Mihi sane vel fabulam sapere videtur, vel daemonis arte facta.

Mnaseas, according to Aelian, reported that this same genus of birds was sacred in a marvelous way to Hercules and to his wife - Hebe. There was just a certain temple of Hercules and of his wife, and she, as daughter of Jove, raised many tame birds inside the boundary of this temple, that is, roosters and hens, but they were fearing, and they lived in flocks shared out by the sex they belonged, and they were birds - kept - at public expenses, consecrated to the gods I have said, hens in the temple of Hebe, roosters were raised in that of Hercules. But a perennial river of limpid water flowed in between. No hen came to the temple of Hercules nor any rooster to that of Hebe: but in due time the males, stirred by lust, flew across the river and after had fertilized the females returned to their god and to their dwellings, purified and purged by the river running in between, by which each sex was divided. Then when at proper time eggs were hatched and chicks were born thanks to incubation, young females went to their mothers, the males to their fathers, and were raised. This is what Aelian says. Let others judge whether this is true. Really, it seems to me that either this has the taste of a fable or it is a deed of the shrewdness of a demon.

Plutarchus[12], Aegyptios scribit, Osiridi Gallum immolare solitos, alias album, alias nigrum: supera {syncera} <sincera>, et manifesta infera mixta, et varia innuentes. Alibi etiam Hermanubidi[13] immolasse tradit, et Anubidi. Est autem vocabulum, ut videtur, Graecae originis, ὁ ἀναφαίνων τὰ οὐράνια καὶ τῶν ἄνω <φερομένων>[14] λόγος, hoc est, ratio superiorum, et caelestia declarans, uti Hermanubis inferiora, sacrificabant autem utrique Gallum, illi album, quod ut diximus, caelestia pura, et lucida sint, huic κροκίαν[15], hoc est, pennis, et iubis croceis praeditum, Gyraldus[16] etiam croceum transtulit. Sed videndum nunquid pro κροκίαν, κορακίαν legendum sit, hoc est nigrum, quem etiam Osiridi diximus sacrificasse.

Plutarch writes the Egyptians were accustomed to sacrifice a rooster to Osiris, sometimes white, sometimes black: meaning that heavenly things are pure and unambiguous, the things below are mixed and ambiguous. Elsewhere he says that they sacrificed also to Hermanubis and Anubis. As it seems the latter is a word of Greek origin, ho anaphaínøn tà ouránia kaì tôn ánø pheroménøn lógos, that is, the reason of what is aloft and showing heavenly things, as Hermanubis is showing what is below, and they sacrificed a rooster to both, white to the former, since, as I said, heavenly things are pure and clear, and to the latter a krokían one, that is, with saffron colored feathers and hackle, and also Giglio Giraldi translated the word as saffron-colored. But we must see whether instead of krokían should not be read korakían, that is, black, which I said they sacrificed also to Osiris.

Albos immolare apud Epirotas ex usu fuisse vel inde constat, quod Pyrrhus rex, ut idem Gyraldus[17] testatur, splene laborantibus medens, albo Gallo sacrum perageret. Author est quoque in citato paulo ante libro Plutarchus Magos Zoroastris exemplo <canes,> Gallinas, et terrestres echinos Bono Deo attribuisse, aquaticos[18] autem Malo.

Among Epirotas to sacrifice the white ones arose from a custom, or it was due to the fact that King Pyrrhus, as the same Giraldi testifies, since was treating those suffering from spleen, he carried out a sacred ceremony with a white rooster. Plutarch is also reporting in the book cited earlier that Persian Priests following the example of Zoroaster ascribed dogs, hens and land hedgehogs to the Good God, but the aquatic ones. to the Bad God.


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[1] De falsa sapientia III,20. (Aldrovandi) – Il De falsa sapientia costituisce il III libro delle Divinae institutiones e non è pubblicato nel web (22 giugno 2008).

[2] Lectionum Antiquarum XVI,12. (Aldrovandi)

[3] Onirocriticon. (Aldrovandi) - Onirocriticon liber V. (Conrad Gessner)

[4] Conrad Gessner, Historia Animalium III (1555), pag. 408: Artemidorus quoque in libro Onirocriticon quinto, somnium cuiusdam narrat, qui gallum Aesculapio vovit, si sanus foret, Gyraldus. Et rursus in libro de Symbolis Pythagorae. Aesculapio gallus immolabatur. sunt qui gallinas scribant, et has quidem rostro nigro, nigrisque pedibus, et digitis imparibus. Si enim luteo essent rostro, vel pedibus, impurae putabantur ab aruspicibus. - Negativa la ricerca in Historiae Deorum Gentilium, per cui è verosimile che la notizia di Artemidoro sia contenuta nel Symbolorum Pythagorae Interpretatio.

[5] Festo parla di galline immolate a Esculapio alla voce In Insula del suo De verborum significatione: In Insula – Aesculapio facta aedes fuit, quod aegroti a medicis aqua maxime sustententur. Eiusdem esse tutelae draconem, quod vigilantissimum sit animal: quae res ad tuendam valetudinem aegroti maxime apta est. Canes adhibentur eius templo, quod is uberibus canis sit nutritus. Bacillum habet nodosum, quod difficultatem significat artis. Laurea coronatur, quod ea arbor plurimorum remediorum. Huic gallinae immolabantur.

[6] Satira XII, 95-97: Libet expectare quis aegram | et claudentem oculos gallinam inpendat amico | tam sterili;. – Aldrovandi nella nota a bordo pagina riporta la satira 2, ma si tratta evidentemente di un errore dovuto a un'eccessiva fiducia in Gessner, oppure, a un  sistematico download da Gessner senza alcuna verifica. Ecco Gessner a pagina 456 della Historia animalium III (1555): Libet expectare quis aegram | Et claudentem oculos gallinam impendat amico | Tam sterili, (pauperi,) Iuvenalis Sat. {2.} <12.> immolabant enim nimirum diis, praesertim Aesculapio, pro salute et sanitate donanda gallinas.

[7] Apotheosis. (Aldrovandi)

[8] Si emenda in base a un'edizione di Opera Aurelii Prudentii Clementis (cura Rud. Langii, edit. R. Paffroet, Deventer, circa 1490).

[9] Gessner attribuisce la citazione a Giglio Gregorio Giraldi e non ad Alessandro Alessandri. - Conrad Gessner, Historia Animalium III (1555), pag. 408: [...]Gyraldus. Et rursus in libro de Symbolis Pythagorae. Aesculapio gallus immolabatur. sunt qui gallinas scribant, et has quidem rostro nigro, nigrisque pedibus, et digitis imparibus. Si enim luteo essent rostro, vel pedibus, impurae putabantur ab aruspicibus. – Giglio Gregorio Giraldi Historiae Deorum Gentilium Syntagma XVII: Aesculapio de capra res divina in primis fiebat, quoniam capra nunquam sine febre esse dicitur: salutis vero deus Aesculapius. Sed et gallus illi immolabatur, ut est alibi a me dictum. Sunt qui gallinas scribant, et has quidem rostro nigro, nigrisque pedibus, et digitis imparibus. Si enim luteo essent rostro, vel pedibus, impurae putabantur ab aruspicibus. – Karin Zeleny nel suo studio sulle Historiae Deorum Gentilium del 1999 riporta che Giraldi scrisse il trattato citato da Gessner, contenuto in Libellus in quo aenigmata pleraque antiquorum explicantur - Paroeneticus Liber adversus ingratos - Symbolorum Pythagorae Interpretatio, cui adiecta sunt Pythagorica Praecepta mystica a Plutarcho interpretata - Libellus quomodo quis ingrati nomen et crimen effugere possit (Basileae 1551). Nulla vieta che la stessa frase riportata da Gessner e tratta dal liber de Symbolis Pythagorae sia contenuta pari pari nel Syntagma XVII delle Historiae Deorum Gentilium. -Io credo a Gessner e non ad Aldrovandi.

[10] Liber de amoribus Iovis. (Aldrovandi) - Eliano invece scrive: “Mnasea, nel suo trattato sull’Europa, parla di un tempio dedicato a Eracle [...]” (La natura degli animali XVII,46 - traduzione di Francesco Maspero)

[11] La natura degli animali XVII,46. (Aldrovandi) - Aldrovandi ha già citato questo tempio a pagina 206.

[12] De Iside et Osiride. (Aldrovandi) - Lind così scrive: “Plutarch De Iside et Osiride is the reference given, but it has no such statement in it that I can find.” (1963) Lind probabilmente ha ragione, in quanto anche la mia ricerca in Plutarco è stata negativa. Dovrebbe trattarsi di una pura invenzione di Aldrovandi.

[13] Ermanubi viene citato da Aldrovandi anche a pagina 188. § Plutarco, Moralia, Iside e Osiride 61 – 375d-e: δ Ὄσιρις ἐκ τοῦ ὁσίου <καὶ> ἱεροῦ τοὔνομα μεμιγμένον ἔσχηκε· κοινὸς γάρ ἐστι τῶν ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ τῶν ἐν ᾅδου λόγος· ὧν τὰ [375e] μὲν ἱερὰ, τὰ δ ὅσια τοῖς παλαι ἔθος ἦν προσαγορεύειν. δ' ἀναφαίνων τὰ οὐράνια καὶ τῶν ἄνω φερομένων λόγος Ἄνουβις, ἔστι δὲ ὅτε καὶ Ἑρμάνουβις ὀνομάζεται, τὸ μὲν, ὡς τοῖς ἄνω, τὸ δὲ, ὡς τοῖς κάτω προσήκων. Διὸ καὶ θύουσιν αὐτῷ τὸ μὲν λευκὸν ἀλεκτρυόνα, τὸ δὲ κροκίαν, τὰ μὲν εἰλικρινῆ καὶ φαν, τὰ δὲ μικτὰ καὶ ποικίλα νομίζοντες. § Sic ergo Osiris nomen habet ex hosio et hiero (quod est sancto et sacro) conflatum: communis enim est ratio eorum quae in coelo et apud inferos sunt, quorum altera hiera, altera hosia veteres nuncupabant. Jam qui coelestia ostendit Anubis, superiorum quasi ratio (ano enim supra est), aliquando etiam Hermanubis usurpatur: altero nomine superioribus, altero inferis scilicet conveniente: itaque ei immola{ba}nt alias album, alias flavum gallum: supera sincera et manifesta, infera mixta et varia esse docentes. (Plutarchi Scripta Moralia tomus primus, Frederic Dübner, Parisiis, Editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot, 1868) § Osiride ha ricevuto il nome dall'unione di hósios (santo) e hierós (sacro): infatti il modo di esprimere le cose che stanno in cielo e agli inferi è equivalente; e gli antichi avevano l'abitudine di chiamare hierà (sacre) le prime, hósia (sante) le seconde. Siccome Anubi è colui che svela le cose celesti e la spiegazione razionale delle cose che si muovono verso l'alto, e talvolta è anche chiamato Ermanubi, in quanto il primo nome riguarda ciò che sta in alto, il secondo ciò che sta in basso. Per cui gli immolano anche un gallo bianco nel primo caso, nel secondo caso uno color zafferano, volendo significare nel primo caso le cose pure e pulite, nel secondo caso le cose mescolate e multiformi. (traduzione di Elio Corti – revisione di Roberto Ricciardi)

[14] Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Historiae Deorum Gentilium Syntagma IX: qui et alio loco eiusdem libri, Anubin et Hermanubin sic distinguere videtur, δὲ ἀναφαίνων τὰ οὐράνια, καὶ τῶν ἄνω φερομένων Ἄνουβις, λόγος. Ἔστιν δὲ ὅτε καὶ Ἑρμάνουβις ὀνομάζεται. hoc est, Ratio coelestia, et quae superius feruntur ostendit Anubis, est et quando Hermanubis vocetur.

[15] Il sostantivo maschile κροκίας in Plutarco De Iside et Osiride 375e significa color zafferano, riferito al gallo. § Per l'analisi di generica storica relativa al piumaggio fulvo, si veda Il gallo di Ermanubi, il primo pollo color zafferano.

[16] Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus, Historiae Deorum Gentilium Syntagma XVII: Est et apud Plutarchum in libro Isidis et Osiridis, ubi de Anubi agit, et Hermanubi: Ad hunc, inquit, inferiora, sicut ad illum superiora pertinent: quapropter illi candidum gallum, huic croceum immolant.

[17] Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus, Historiae Deorum Gentilium Syntagma XVII: Sed Pyrrhus quoque rex, cum splene laborantibus mederetur, albo gallo sacrum peragebat. (Basileae, Oporinus 1548)

[18] Il testo greco di Plutarco (Iside e Osiride 46,267-268) cui fa riferimento la citazione di Aldrovandi – tratta da Gessner – si presenta in due versioni diverse. In una versione troviamo quanto proposto da Aldrovandi (che omette i cani) e ovviamente da Gessner, nell'altra quanto proposto dalla traduzione inglese del testo di Plutarco pubblicata dalla Loeb Classical Library. Si tratta di accettare τοὺς ἐνύδρους (quelli d'acqua) oppure μῦς ἐνύδρους (topi d'acqua). È un problema che Gessner già si era posto in Historia animalium I (1551) pagina 830 disquisendo De mure aquatico e che troveremo dopo le citazioni inerenti il brano in discussione. Vedremo che quasi per ironia della sorte Gessner salva dalle grinfie degli Zoroastriani il ratto delle chiaviche (che forse collaborò nel farlo morire di peste il 13 dicembre 1565) per sostituirlo, da un esatto punto di vista linguistico, con la tartaruga d'acqua. L'analisi di questi dati è presente nel lessico alla voce ratto. § Andiamo con ordine e vediamo i vari testi in sequenza, nei quali compariranno ricci di mare oppure topi d'acqua. Non stiamo a discutere se ὄρνιθας va tradotto con polli/galline oppure più genericamente con uccelli. § Conrad Gessner Historia animalium III (1555) pagina 456: Magi Zoroastren secuti canes, gallinas (ὄρνιθας) et terrestres echinos bono deo attribuunt, aquaticos autem malo, Plutarchus in libro de Iside et Osiride. § Fredericus Dübner: Καὶ γὰρ τῶν φυτῶν νομίζουσι τὰ μὲν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ δὲ τοῦ κακοῦ δαίμονος εἶναι· καὶ τῶν ζῴων, ὥσπερ κύνας καὶ ὄρνιθας καὶ χερσαίους ἐχίνους, τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ· τοῦ δὲ φαύλου, τοὺς ἐνύδρους εἶναι· διὸ καὶ τὸν κτείναντα πλείστους εὐδαιμονίζουσιν. - Nam et de stirpibus ita judicant, quasdam boni dei esse, mali quasdam genii: et animalium alia, ut canes, aves, et echinos terrestres, bono, aquaticos malo adjudicant; itaque et beatum eum praedicant, qui plurimos interfecerit. (Plutarchi Scripta moralia Graece et Latine – Fredericus Dübner – Parisiis - Firmin Didot – 1868) § W. Sieveking: Καὶ γὰρ τῶν φυτῶν νομίζουσι τὰ μὲν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ δὲ τοῦ κακοῦ δαίμονος εἶναι, καὶ τῶν [369.F] ζῴων ὥσπερ κύνας καὶ ὄρνιθας καὶ χερσαίους ἐχίνους τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ, τοῦ [δὲ] φαύλου μῦς ἐνύδρους εἶναι· διὸ καὶ τὸν κτείναντα πλείστους εὐδαιμονίζουσιν.  (ed. W. Sieveking, Plutarchi moralia, vol. 2.3, Leipzig 1935) § Loeb Classical Library: In fact, they believe that some of the plants belong to the good god and others to the evil daemon; so also of the animals they think that dogs, fowls, and hedgehogs, for example, belong to the good god, but that water-rats belong to the evil one. (published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1936) § Conrad Gessner Historia animalium I (1551) pagina 830 De mure aquatico. Magos qui Zoroastren sectantur, imprimis colere aiunt herinaceum terrestrem, maxime vero odisse mures aquaticos (μῦς ἐνύδρους,) & quo quisque plures occiderit, eo chariorem deo felicioremque existimare, Plutarchus Symposiacorum quarto quaestione ultima. Et mox, Quare Judaei etiamsi execrarentur suem, occidere deberent, ut magi mures. Caeterum in Commentario de Iside, magos scribit animalia quaedam boni daemonis esse putare, ut canes & gallinas, & terrestres echinos: mali autem aquaticos esse, τοὺς ἐνύδρους εἶναι: lego τοὺς ἐνύδρους μῦς, ex superioribus locis. An vero aquaticos mures intelligat illos de quibus hic scribimus, incertum est; ego testudines aquaticas potius, (nam has quoque mures appellant,) intellexerim. § Plutarco Convivialium disputationum Liber IV Quaestio V Utrum suem venerantes Iudaei, an potius aversantes, carne eius abstineant. Magos autem, qui a Zoroastre descendunt, terrestrem echinum quam maxime venerari, mures aquatiles [τοὺς ἐνύδρους μῦς] odisse, diisque carum et beatum judicare eum qui plurimos interfecerit. Existimo autem Judaeos, si abominarentur porcum, interfecturos eum fuisse, sicut mures [τοὺς μῦς] necant magi: nunc tam interficere, quam edere suem iis est religio. (Plutarchi Scripta moralia Graece et Latine – Fredericus Dübner – Parisiis - Firmin Didot – 1868)