¶ Galli quidam pugnaces sunt nimium et rixosae libidinis: qui et caeteros infestant, nec patiuntur inire foeminas, [384] cum ipsi pluribus sufficere non queant. horum procacitas quomodo cohiberi debeat, ex Columella scribemus infra in E. Plura etiam de pugna gallinaceorum qui ad certamina ab hominibus committuntur ibidem leges. In gallorum pugna qui superat, coit cum gallinis, et erigit caput ac caudam, victus tabescit ob servitutem, Albertus. Vide plura mox in D.

¶ Some roosters are too much combative and of a quarrelsome sexuality: for the more they bother the others and don't allow them to mate with females, while they themselves are not able to satisfy quite a lot of them. How their lust has to be checked I will write more ahead in the paragraph E inferring from Columella. In the same paragraph you can read also a lot of things about roosters' fighting who are made to fight by human beings. That one who in the fight among roosters is the winner, mates with the hens, and rises head and tail, that who has been defeated is languishing because of subjection, Albertus Magnus. See a larger amount of data soon in paragraph D.

Galli prae omnibus avibus pugnaces et libidinosi sunt, Oppianus, in Ixeuticis. Gallinaceorum genus copia libidinis gaudet, Aristot.[1] Clearchus[2] scribit perdices, passeres, coturnices, et gallos gallinaceos non modo cum vident foeminas, semen emittere, sed etiam cum earum vocem audiunt: causam esse in animo impressionem, quod ipsum coitus tempore cognosces, si contra eos speculum posueris: Nam ad imaginem suam, quae inaniter in speculo repraesentatur accurrentes, semen emittunt: exceptis gallinaceis, quos imago conspecta ad pugnam tantum provocat, Athenaeus. Gallinaceus alteri mari cum gallina coitum absque pugna non permittit, Athenaeus. Idem ex Theophrasto refert gallos agrestes domesticis libidinosiores esse: et mares statim a cubili velle coire, foeminas autem magis procedente die: quod et Aelianus repetiit. Gallus avis salax ad unum ovum foecundandum multotiens cum eadem coit gallina, quod si multi sint galli, enecant gallinas nimio coitu, Albertus. Unicus gallus sufficit multis gallinis, Io. Textor. Gallinaceus unus pro sex gallinis destinari solet, Florentinus. Canes Indici ex bellua quadam simili et Cane generantur: nec non in avibus salacioribus idem fieri visum est, ut perdicibus et gallinis, Aristot.[3] Quae non unigena coeunt, primos partus similes sibi edunt, communi generis utriusque specie. quales ex vulpe et cane generantur, aut ex perdice et gallinaceo: sed tempore procedente ex diversis prognata parentibus soboles, forma foeminae instituta evadit, Alex Benedictus. Si foeminarum facultas non sit, omnes subigunt in cohortem suam recentem venientem, Aelianus[4]. Perdices maritos suos fallunt, (occultantes se dum incubant.) tunc inter se dimicant mares desiderio foeminarum. victum aiunt Venerem pati. id quidem et coturnices Trogus et gallinaceos aliquando, Plinius[5]. Gallinacei etiam idem interdum quod perdices faciunt, in templis enim ubi sine foeminis munerarii dicatique versantur, non temere eum qui nuper dicatus accesserit, omnes subigunt, Aristot.[6] Novissime sacratum priores accedentes subigunt donec alius quispiam offeratur: quod si nullus oblatus fuerit, pugnant inter se victumque semper subigit victor, Athenaeus ex Aristo. In regione quae vocatur Leylychynie[7] omnes galli iuniores, nec dum provecti aetate, inter se pugnant: et victor cum victo coit, quum gallinae defuerint, Albertus.

In comparison with all the birds, the roosters are combative and libidinous, Oppian of Apamea in Ixeutica. The roosters' genus is rolling in a crowd of lust, Aristotle. Clearchus writes that partridges, sparrows, quails and roosters not only utter the sperm when seeing the females, but also when are hearing their voice: the cause lie in a mark located in the mind, and you will realize this just in mating time if you will put a mirror in front of them. In fact, throwing themselves toward their image reproduced in vain in the mirror, they utter the sperm: except the roosters, whom the vision of their own image incites only to the fight, Athenaeus. A rooster doesn't allow another male to mate with a hen without scuffling, Athenaeus. He still reports from Theophrastus that the roosters living free in fields are more libidinous than domestic ones: and the males as soon as come down from roosts want to mate, on the contrary the females want this more when day is going ahead, and also Aelian reasserted this. The rooster, libidinous bird, mates several times with the same hen with the purpose of fertilize only an egg, therefore if the roosters are quite a lot, they kill the hens with the excessive coition, Albertus Magnus. Only a rooster is enough for a lot of hens, Jean Tixier. Only a rooster is usually assigned to six hens, Florentinus. The dogs of India are procreated by a beast resembling a dog and by a dog: they realized that the same also happens in the most libidinous animals as partridges and hens Aristotle. Those animals not mating with subjects of the same species, produce first offspring similar to them, with characteristics in common with both species. As those subjects generated from a fox and a dog, or from a partridge and a chicken: but in the course of time the offspring coming from different parents turns out endowed with female's aspect, Alessandro Benedetti. If females are not available, all of them mount whom is just arrived in their courtyard, Aelian. Partridges escape their husbands (hiding themselves when brooding). Then the males fight among them for greed of females. They say that he who has been defeated undergoes the sexual intercourse. And also the quails do this, Pompeius Trogus, and sometimes also the roosters, Pliny. Also the roosters do sometimes what partridges are doing, in fact in temples where are living without females, being offered and consecrated, rightly they all mount whom is arriving soon after has been offered, Aristotle. Those who came earlier mount whom has been just consecrated until another is offered: and if no one will be offered, they fight among them and the winner always mounts that who has been defeated, Athenaeus from Aristotle. In the region called Leylychynie all the youngest roosters, and not yet aged, fight among them: and the winner mates with the defeated if hens are missing, Albertus.

¶ Gallus exertam semper habet cristam atque rubentem, nisi male valeat. Gallinacei herba quae vocatur helxine (alsine potius, de qua dicam in H.a.) annuum fastidium purgant, Plinius[8]. Galli cum sanguinis immoderati copia gravantur, per cristam sese purgare solent, unguibus scilicet scalpentes, ut cruorem proliciant. Carnem quae rostrum cingit undique mentum quidam vocant, Columella[9] etiam genam. hac vulnerata cum pituita laborant, quicquid abscessit, exprimitur, atque ita animal liberatur, Gyb. Longolius. Gallinacei generis pituitas fumo sabinae sanari tradunt, Plinius[10]. Ligustri acini gallinaceorum pituitas sanant, Idem. Allia et caepe gallinaceos pituita tentatos sanant, Galenus 2. Methodi. Allium contra pituitam et gallinis et gallinaceis prodest mixtum farre in cibo, Plinius Plura vide infra in Gallina E. Gallinacei casus ex tumore scirrhoso in tunica cordis describitur a Galeno lib. 5. de locis affectis. De gallo qui per Moscoviam super curru vectus prae nimio frigore iam morti vicinus erat, crista quae iam gelu concreta erat subito abscissa restitutus est, superius hoc in capite mentionem fecimus.

¶ The rooster has always the comb erect and red, unless he is badly. The chickens take care of the annually appearing disappetence with the grass called helxine - perhaps the Parietaria officinalis - (or rather, alsine, about which I will speak in H.a.), Pliny. The roosters, when weighted down by an excessive amount of blood, are accustomed to relieve through the comb, that is, scratching it with toenails, to aid the bleeding. Some call chin the flesh surrounding the beak all around, Columella also cheek. After the flesh has been lanced when they are suffering from pip, everything became pus is squeezed, and so the animal is freed from it, Gisbert Longolius. They say that pips of gallinaceous genus are recovered by the smoke of sabin herb - Juniperus sabina, Pliny. The privet's berries let recover pips of chickens, still Pliny. The different kinds of garlic and the onion let recover the chickens struck by pip, Galen in the 2nd book of Methodus medendi. The garlic, mixed in feed with emmer, is good for hens and roosters, Pliny. Cast a glance more ahead at many data contained in the paragraph E regarding the Hen. The case of a chicken suffering from a scirrous tumor at pericardium is described by Galen in the 5th book of De locis affectis. Of the rooster carried on a chariot through Moscow and who because of the extreme cold was about to die, and of the comb which, frozen, was suddenly removed, and who recovered, I have spoken before in this chapter - at page 383.

¶ Taxi fructus edentes in Italia {gallinae} <aviculae> nigrescunt, Dioscorides[11]. Sparti etiam semine depasto moriuntur. Audio et aquam vitae (ut vocant) eis letalem esse. Stercus hominis qui bibit elleborum album, necat gallinas, Avicenna. Auro superlato vis venefica est gallinarum quoque et pecorum foeturis. Remedium est abluere illatum, et spargere eos quibus mederi velis, Plinius[12]. forte et gallinae vicissim auro venenum sunt: id enim dum simul coquuntur in se attrahunt, ut alibi docet Plinius[13] nescio quam vere. Salamandra si in acervo tritici reperiatur, totum infici audio, adeo ut et gallinae inde vescentes pereant. Cimicis natura contra serpentium morsus et praecipue aspidum valere dicitur: item contra venena omnia {argumentum, quod dicunt} <, argumento, quod dicant> gallinas quo die id ederint, non interfici ab aspide, Plinius[14].

¶ The small birds eating yew's fruits in Italy become black - fatten up, Dioscorides. They also die after ate the seed of the esparto. I hear that also the whisky (as they call it) is lethal for them. The feces of a human being drinking the white hellebore - or white veratrum? - kills the hens, Avicenna. Gold's application represents a poisonous strength also for who has to give birth to hens and flocks. The remedy consists in washing that which has been applied and to rinse with water the subjects you would like to recover, Pliny. Perhaps also the hens in their turn are a poison for the gold: in fact when they are cooked along with it they attract it inside of them, as Pliny reports in another paragraph, but I don't know how much it's corresponding to the truth. If a salamander is found in a heap of wheat, I hear that everything becomes rotten, to such an extent that also hens feeding on it die. It is said that the nature of the bug is effective against snakes' bite and especially of the asps - Vipera aspis: likewise against all the poisons, that's why they say that hens, that day they ate such an insect, are not killed by the viper, Pliny.

D.

D

Gallus gallinis aliquando mortuis tabescit, Albertus. Contra serpentes et milvos pro gallinis dimicat, Textor. Gallinas diligenter custodiunt, et alienos a grege abigunt, pro illis dimicantes, Humelbergius. Mares visi nonnulli sunt, qui cum forte foemina interisset, ipsi officio matris fungerentur, in pullos ductando, fovendo, educando, ita, ne de caetero vel cucur<r>ire, vel coire appeterent, Aristot.[15] Narrantur et mortua gallina mariti earum visi succedentes in vicem, et reliqua foetae more facientes, abstinentesque se a cantu, Plinius[16]. Quin et iam inde a primo ortu naturae, ita nonnulli mares effoeminati proveniunt, ut neque cucur<r>iant, neque per coitum agere velint, et venerem eorum qui tentent supervenire patiantur, Aristot.[17] Matrice gallina extincta, is ipse incubat, et pullos ex ovis excludit, ac tum silentio utitur, quod sane sibi conscius sit se muliebre munus obire, et parum viriliter facere, Aelianus[18]. Galli partus gallinarum levare, et doloris participatione solari videntur, dum placida et exili voce eis accinunt, Oppianus in Ixeut. Maritus etiam inter bruta partus dolores intelligit, et plurimi ex eis parientibus foeminis condolent, συνωδίνει, ut gallinacei: quidam etiam excludendo iuvant, ut columbi, Porphyrius 3. de abstin. ab animatis.

Sometimes, when hens died, the rooster languishes, Albertus. For the hens he fights against snakes and kites, Jean Tixier. They guard with diligence the hens, and move away extraneous people from the group, fighting for them, Gabriel Hummelberg. Some males have been seen, if by chance the female died, that they themselves were taking on the task of mother in leading, heating, raising the chicks, so that they were not looking after anything else, neither to crow nor to mate, Aristotle. They also tell that, after the death of a hen, the males have been seen to relieve her and to do as an in childbirth female the left over things and to abstain from crowing, Pliny. But rather, some males just since their birth find themselves naturally so effeminate that neither crow, nor want to mate, and they suffer the sexual craving of those trying to climb on them, Aristotle. When a lying hen dies, he himself broods, and makes the chicks to hatch from eggs, and then keeps silent, since he is indeed aware of undertaking a female's task, and that he is behaving in a slight masculine way, Aelian. It seems that the roosters give relief to hens' delivery and that sharing the pain they console them when accompanying them in the song with a calm and slender voice, Oppian of Apamea in Ixeutica. Also among animals devoid of reason the male succeeds in understanding the pains of the birth, and a lot of them share the grief - synødínei - when the females are giving birth, as the roosters do: some also helps in the incubation as pigeons, Porphyrius in the 3^rd book of De abstinentia ab animatis.