Ventriculi in cibo laudantur prae intestinis, praesertim altilium gallinarum, magisque etiam anserum. Sunt enim perquam suaves: caeterum crassi durique, eoque ad concoquendum difficiles: sed quibus semel coctis multum alimenti insit, Galenus si bene memini. Ventriculi animalium non laudantur in cibo, praeter ventriculum gallinarum, aut anserum, aut gruis, Arnoldus Villanov.

Gizzards are more appreciated as food then bowels, above all of battery hens, and still more of geese. In fact they are quite tasteful: but are fat and tough and therefore difficult to be digested: but once cooked they have a lot of nourishing power, Galen, if I well remember. The stomachs of animals are not appreciated as food, except the gizzard of hens or geese, or of crane, Arnaldo from Villanova.

¶ Gallinarum alae bene coquuntur, et bene nutriunt. conveniunt e balneis redeunti. item in victu attenuante, Galenus in diversis locis. Alae avium in cibum sumptae saluberrimi sunt alimenti, praecipue autem gallinarum, sunt qui et anserinas his addant, frequenti enim motu si quid mali succi inest, purgatur. Similiter quoque anserina et gallinacea colla (quam) caeterarum volatilium meliora putantur, si sanguine intercutaneo caruerint, Platina[1]. Gallinaceorum lacte nutritorum alae et testes in siccitatibus conveniunt, Galenus 7. Methodi. ¶ Inter hepat<i>a primatus anserino: quod ut humidius et tenerius est, ita sapore suavius: secunda laus hepati gallinaceo, Rasis ex Galeno. ¶ Gigeria[2], intestina gallinarum cum his et ita (forte, cum gallinis ita) cocta, Lucilius lib. 8. Gigeria sunt sive adeo hepetia, (hepatia,) Nonius. Quidam sic citant, Gigeria sine oleo, his vescamur alacriter. Intestina gallinarum cum rebus aliis incocta, veteres gigleria vocabant, Hermolaus. Gallinacei testes et viscera non conveniunt in victu attenuante, Galenus. ¶ Gallinaceorum renes, testes et iecur, praesertim altilium, boni succi sunt, Galenus. Testes eorum suavissimi sunt, et probum alimentum corpori conferunt, Idem. 3. de alimentis. Et rursus, Per omnia optimi sunt. In siccitatibus (affectibus et constitutionib. siccis) conveniunt, Idem 7. Methodi. Gallorum lacte altorum testes utiles sunt in syncope ex succis tenuibus, Idem. 12. Methodi. Cur gallinaceorum testes, quos lacte saginant, amplissimi et concoctu faciles fiant, causam adfert Alexander Aphrodisiensis in Problematibus 2. 73. interprete Gaza. Testes galli (alias galli castrati. qui scilicet a castrando eximuntur) laudabiles sunt et faciles concoctu, Avicenna. Languentibus dari consueverunt, Galenus in Commentario in librum de victus rat. in morb. ac. dandi in tertiana, Idem ad Glauconem. Iis qui ex syncope marasmo[3] contabescunt, testiculos gallorum, quos Graeci orchis[4] et parastatas appellant, dare oportet. perpetuo enim omnibus hectica[5] laborantibus commodi existunt, cum abunde nutrire et vires augere possint, ubi probe concocti fuerint, quapropter id alimenti semper exhibendum est, ubi vires nondum ad extremum collapsae fuerint. quod enim praesidium deinceps esse potest, si natura alimentum concoquere non possit? Alex. Trallianus. Gallinaceos praeparamus (in usum praecipue hecticorum et phthisicorum[6]) pane in lac acidum et serosum merso si ante nutrimus quam iugulemus, ut testes habeant gratissimos et praestantissimos: idque ante coitum, ne virus ex semine oleant. sic enim boni sunt succi, valide nutriunt, facile coquentur, Sylvius citans Galeni librum 3. de aliment. ¶ Gallinaceorum testes subinde si a conceptu edat mulier, mares in utero fieri dicuntur, Plinius[7].

¶ The wings of hen are well digested, and are well nourishing. They are proper for him who is coming back from public baths. Likewise in a slimming diet, Galen in different passages. The wings of birds used as food are an very healthy food, but especially those of hens, and there are some adding to these also those of goose: in fact with the frequent movement if they have inside some unhealthy humor, it is removed. And likewise the necks of geese and chickens are reckoned better (then) those of other birds on condition that are devoid of blood within the skin, Platina. The wings and the testicles of roosters fed on milk are useful in states of dehydration, Galen 7^th chapter of Methodus medendi. ¶ Among various livers the record goes to that of goose: since as much is damp and tender, so much is of pleasant taste: the second praise goes to the liver of chicken, Razi drawing from Galen. ¶ The giblets are the entrails of hens so cooked with them (perhaps, so with hens), Lucilius in 8^th the book of satires. Otherwise are gigeria - or gizeria - even the livers, Nonius Marcellus. Some are quoting him as follows: The giblets without oil, we feed on them quite a lot. The ancient called gigleria the entrails of hens with other things cooked together, Ermolao Barbaro. The testicles and the entrails of the rooster are not proper in a slimming diet, Galen. ¶ Kidneys, testicles and liver of chickens, above all of those of battery, have an energetic power, Galen. Their testicles are very tasteful and supply the body with a food of good quality, still he in 3^rd book of De alimentorum facultatibus. And again: They are excellent for any situation. They are suitable in the states of dehydration (dry diseases and constitutions), still he in 7^th book of Methodus medendi. The testicles of roosters fed on milk are useful in the syncopation arising from not too much dense fluids, still he in 12^th book of Methodus medendi. Alexander of Afrodisia in Problemata 2^nd,73 translated by Gaza reports why the testicles of the roosters fed on milk become enormous and easy to be digested. The testicles of the rooster (or of a castrated rooster, obviously removed during castration) are valuable and easy to be digested, Avicenna. The habit has been taken of giving them to those are weakened, Galen In Hippocratis de victus ratione in morbis acutis during  tertian fever and Ad Glauconem de medendi methodo. To those wasting away in a run-down condition due to continuous faints, it is proper to give testicles of roosters, called by Greeks órcheis and parastátai. In fact they turn out useful to all perpetually suffering from continuous fever, being that they are able to feed in abundance and to increase the strengths if they are well digested, that's why this kind of food has always to be given when strengths have not still wholly fallen down. In fact, how can it be a defense of second instance if nature is not able to digest a food? Alexander of Tralles. We prepare the roosters (above all to be used by patients with continuous fever and by worn out ones) if before of cutting the throat we feed them on bread soaked in sour and serous milk, so that they have very tasteful and excellent testicles: and we do this before they start to mate so that they don't smell of sperm. In fact thus they have energetic power, nourish quite a lot, will be easily digested, Jacques Dubois quoting the 3^rd book of De alimentorum facultatibus of Galen. If a woman eats testicles of rooster as soon as she conceived, they say that in uterus are produced males, Pliny.

G.

G

de remediis ex omni gallinaceo genere, gallis, gallinis,

pullis, eorumque partibus et excrementis. De ovis tantum seorsim agetur in Gallina G.

Morbo regio resistit gallina, si sit luteis pedibus prius aqua purificatis, dein collutis vino quod bibatur, Plinius[8]. Gallinaceum pinguem verno tempore dempta cute et interaneis, sale fartum in umbra suspendito, donec arefiat: mox illum exossato, atque una cum sale conterito, in vitrea hamula ad usus servato, obolis duobus si bibitur, mire Venerem concitare dicitur, Alexand. Benedictus. ¶ Mirabile remedium in arthritide a muliere quadam, et adhibetur in quovis loco ubi iuncturae exeunt (forte, existunt.) Gallina bene habita quadrima, absinthio referta, coquatur in tribus situlis aquae ad duarum partium consumptionem. hinc aeger foveatur (vaporetur, fiat stuffa,) bis quotidie donec liberetur, fricando semper ad inferiora, Additiones ad practicam Varignanae. ¶ Pullas et capos iure et carne viperarum cum pane subactis nutrivit Matthaeus Gradi ad usque deplumationem, curaturus horum esu elephanticos, Sylvius. Serpentem varium, qui inter alios minimum habet veneni, et Germanice vocatur ein huf (vocem a librarijs corruptam conijcio) cum tritico coque, deinde sic cocto tritico gallinam pasce, et idem ius pro potu praebe. Huius gallinae carnibus accipiter pastus pennas mutabit, et morbum, si quem habet, expellet, Albertus. ¶ Ex gallo vulturino vivo remedium ad elephantiasin Aetius[9] praescribit, ut recitabimus in Vulture G. qualis autem hic gallus sit non docet. idem quidem remedium ex vulture etiam fieri ait.

About the remedies gotten from all the gallinaceous genus, roosters, hens,

young chickens, and from their parts and excrements. About eggs I will separately speak only in the paragraph G of the hen.

A hen, if has yellow legs first cleaned up with water then washed with wine which must be drunk, is helpful against jaundice, Pliny. In spring hang in the shade a fat rooster stuffed with salt after skin and entrails have been removed, until he dried up: then bone and mince him with salt, put him to be preserved in a glass jar ready for use, if he is drunk in the dose of two obols [around 1 g], they say that he stimulates in a marvelous way the sexual skirmishes, Alessandro Benedetti. ¶ An astonishing remedy during arthritis, used by a woman, and to be used in any district where articulations are dislocating themselves (perhaps where they are existing). Cook in three pitchers of water, until to reduce them to a third, a four year-old hen in good general conditions, after she has been stuffed with absinthe. With this liquid the sick has to warm up himself (he has to steam himself, to do a sauna) twice a day until is freed from symptoms, massaging always downward, in Additiones ad practicam of Guglielmo from Varignana. ¶ Giovanni Matteo de Gradi has fed on broth and meat of vipers mixed to bread, the pullets and the capons until the time of moult, with the purpose of treating, by eating them, those people suffering from elephantiasis, Jacques Dubois. Cook with wheat a variegated snake, which in comparison with others has little poison, and is called in German ein huf (a word I think has been altered by typographers), then feed a hen on so cooked wheat and give to drink also the broth. A hawk who ate the meats of this hen will change the feathers and will send away the illness from which is suffering, provided that he is so, Albertus Magnus. ¶ Aetius of Amida prescribes as remedy against elephantiasis an alive rooster similar to a vulture, as we told speaking of the vulture in the paragraph G. But of what kind is this rooster he doesn't specify. He says besides that the same remedy can also be gotten from a vulture.

¶ Ius. Ad uteros: Gallinam iugulato et festucam lineo panniculo involutam intra avem conde, eamque consuito, elixato, et ius potui dato, Author Euporistorum quae Galeno tribuuntur 3. 237. Gallinarum ius simplex alvum retinere, veterum autem gallorum eandem subducere experti sumus, Galenus lib. 11. de simplicibus et in libro de theriaca ad Pisonem. Gallinarum iuniorum ius simplex ad temperanda humorum vitia datur, et in ardoribus stomachi utile est, Dioscorides. Graece legitur, δίδεται ἐπικράσεως χάριν τῶν φαυλοτήτων. cum Galenus de eodem scribat, ὅτι ἐπικρατήτικῆς ἐστι δυνάμεως, hoc est facultatem cohibendi et astringendi habere, videtur autem utrunque vere dici, ut et ἐπικρατητικόν hoc ius sit, id est fluxiones reprimat: et ἐπικεραστικόν, hoc est humorum acrimoniam temperet.

¶ Broth. For the abdomen: Cut the throat of a hen and put inside the bird some straw wrapped in a flax cloth, then sew it, boil and gives to drink the broth, the author of Euporista - Oribasius - attributed to Galen, 3^rd,237. We have been able to verify that the simple broth of hen gives constipation, but that of old roosters acts as laxative, Galen in 11^th book of De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus and in De theriaca ad Pisonem. The mere broth of younger hens is given for rearranging the alterations of humors and is useful against heartburn, Dioscorides. In Greek it sounds: dídetai epikráseøs chárin tôn phaulotëtøn - it gives a benefit to the temperament of more prostrate patients. Being that Galen writes of this broth: hóti epikratëtikês esti dynámeøs, that is, it is endowed with a  blocking and astringent property, in reality it seems that both are saying the truth, since this broth is epikratëtikón, that is, suppresses the losses of liquids: and epikerastikón, that is, mitigates the acridity of humors.