Conrad Gessner

Historiae animalium liber III qui est de Avium natura - 1555

De Gallina

transcribed by Fernando Civardi - translated by Elio Corti

444

 


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Si quae mulier menses ordinato tempore non habuerit, tria ova recentia ad duritiem cocta, putamine separato, et minutatim concisa lateri ignito infundat, et vaporem (quod per canalem aut infundibulum fieri poterit) utero concipiat: sic fiet ut paulatim hoc vitium emendetur, Ex libro Germanico manuscripto. videtur autem hoc remedium, non provocandis mensibus, sed coercendis illis qui intempestive fluunt destinatum esse. Ova cocta et cum melle trita tussientibus dantur, Plinius[1]. videtur autem de duris intelligere, ut supra exposui. Ex ovo duro interius quod est (albumen nimirum una cum vitello) passo intritum, adiectis aquae calidae cyathis duobus, si antequam cubitum eas biberis, quietiorem a tussi maiorem partem noctis  habebis, et eius potionis adsiduitate sanabere, Marcel. Putant aliqui ova diutissime elixa et indurata immodice, homini venenum fieri.

If a woman didn't have menstruations at due term she has to put on a burning brick three fresh hard-boiled eggs, without shell, and finely minced, and she has to introduce until the uterus the vapor (and this can be gotten through a pipe or a funnel): in this way it will happen that little by little this trouble will clear up, from a German manuscript book. But it seems that this remedy is intended not to provoke the menstruations but to stop those arriving in advance. The eggs cooked and minced with honey are given those people having cough, Pliny. But it seems that he wants to mean the hard-cooked ones, as I reported before. What is inside a hard-cooked egg (obviously the albumen along with the yolk) minced in raisin wine, with the addition of two cyathi [100 ml] of warm water, if you will drink it before lying down, you will have most of the night almost without being tormented by cough, and drinking assiduously this potion you will recover, Marcellus Empiricus. Some believe that the eggs cooked for a long time and exaggeratedly hard-boiled, become a poison for the human being.

¶ Albumen et totum combustum ovum, et cum vino vel aceto potum vel impositum, omnes fluxus stringit, Constantinus. alii ex Aesculapio, nulla albumine mentione facta, sic legunt, Ovum totum combustum, etc. Ad sanguinis reiectionem e pectore, Ovorum cinis prodesse putatur, Serenus. Ad profluvium mulieris: Gallinae ovum totum comburas et conteras, et in vino mixtum illinies, restringit; Sextus. vide in Testa ovi usta inferius.

¶ The egg white and the whole egg toasted, and drunk or locally applied with wine or vinegar, reduces every type of flow, Constantinus Africanus. Others, inferring from Aesculapius, without making any mention of the egg white, interpret in the following way: The whole egg toasted, etc. Against the  haemoptysis - to spit blood: It is believed that the ash of the eggs turns profitable, Serenus Sammonicus. Against the meno- metrorrhagia: You have to toast a whole egg of hen and to mince it, and you will smear it after having mixed it with wine, it acts as astringent, Sextus Placitus Papiriensis. See later about the incinerated eggshell.

¶ Pars VI. Remedia ex ovis cum aceto coctis, aut solum in eum maceratis et emollitis. Si aceto coctum edatur ovum, exiccat fluxiones ventris, Galenus et Symeon Sethi. quod si etiam admiscueris aliquid eorum quae dysentericis et coeliacis prosunt, deinde super igne mediocri et minime fumoso, qualis carbonum est, frixeris, et exhibueris aegris, non parum eos adiuveris. Convenienter autem addetur huic remedio omphacium et rhus, tum ruber dictus[2] qui obsoniis aspergitur, tum succus ipsius: et galla, et sidia[3], et cinis cochlearum quae integrae tostae fuerint: nec non vinacea, et fructus myrti, mespili, corni. his medicatiora sunt balaustia, et hypocist{h}is, et cytini[4], Galenus. Ova cocta sicut sunt (in testa sua nimirum) cum aceto, prohibent effusionem humorum ad stomachum et intestina, et fluxum ventris et dysenteriam: et medentur asperitati gulae et ventriculi, Avicenna. Ex aceto decocta ardores urinae, renum ulcera ac vesicae mirifice tollunt: et multo magis si nuper nata et cruda excusso albamento deglutieris, Platina.

Section 6 - Remedies gotten from eggs cooked in vinegar, or only soaked and softened in vinegar. If an egg cooked in vinegar is eaten, it stops the diarrhoea, Galen and Simeon Sethi. And if you will mix also someone of those remedies beneficial to dysenteric patients and those people suffering from intestinal pains, and then you will fry it on a moderate fire and practically without smoke, like is that of coals, and you will give it to sick people, you will benefit them not a little. But it will be profitable to add to this remedy agresta - verjuice - and sumac, also said red, which is sprinkled on foods, then juice of the latter: and sour wine, and rinds of pomegranate, and ash of snails roasted entire: as well as grape-seeds, and fruits of myrtle, medlar, cornel. The flowers of pomegranate, the hypocistis and the calyces of pomegranate flowers are more effective than these last ingredients, Galen. The eggs cooked in vinegar so as they are (that is in their shell), inhibit the spillage of liquids toward stomach and bowel, as well as the metrorrhagia and the dysentery: and they cure the irritation of throat and stomach, Avicenna. Cooked in vinegar they make to regress in a marvellous way the strangury, the renal and vesical ulcerations, and they do this very more if you swallow them just laid and raw after having removed the albumen, Platina.

Maceratorum in aceto putamen mollitur, talibus cum farina in pane subactis, coeliaci recreantur. Quidam ita resoluta (aceto mollita) in patinis torreri utilius putant. Quo genere non alvos tantum, sed et menses foeminarum sistunt aut si maior sit impetus, cruda (praemollita tamen aceto) cum farina ex aqua hauriuntur{:}<.> Et per se lutea ex iis {decocta} <decocuntur> in aceto donec indurescant: iterumque cum trito pipere torrentur ad cohibendas alvos, Plinius[5]. Coeliacos recreabis pane, | Quem madido farre efficies ac mollibus ovis, | Quorum testa fero prius emollescat aceto, Serenus. Ova in aceto cum testis suis macerata, et alio die in patella infusa ibique tosta, coeliacis in cibo data plurimum prosunt, Marcellus. Ova decoquuntur ex aceto donec indurescant, et vitelli eorum tosti cum pipere esui coeliaco dantur, cito medentur, Marcellus.

The shell of those soaked in vinegar softens, and the people suffering from intestinal pains are relieved by such eggs worked with bread flour. Some think more profitable that they are toasted in frying pan after having so softened them (softened in vinegar). Prepared in this way they not only stop the diarrhoea, but also the menstruations, or if the flow is enough intense, they are swallowed raw (however first softened in vinegar) with flour and water. Their yolks are cooked also alone in vinegar up to harden them: and then they are again toasted with pepper minced for stopping the diarrhoea, Pliny. You will make to be better a person suffering from intestinal pains with bread you will bake with soaked emmer and with raw eggs whose shell has first to soften in very strong vinegar, Serenus Sammonicus. The eggs soaked in vinegar together with their shell and poured in a frying pan the day after and here toasted, given as food to people suffering from intestinal pains are helping quite a lot, Marcellus Empiricus. The eggs are cooked in vinegar up to become hard, and their yolks toasted with pepper are given to eat to people suffering from intestinal pains, they are quickly recovered, Marcellus.

Tussis in equo (inquit Theomnestus in Hippiatricis Graecis) quam aestus aut pulvis excitavit, iis remediis abigitur. Ova quinque cum suis putaminibus in aceto acri cum advesperascere coeperit, macerabis. diluculo deprehendes exteriorem callum intabuisse, sic ut ea prorsus emollescant: qualia videri solent quae intempestive ponuntur et praecoci partu gallinarum eduntur: quorum folliculus tactui non renitens, in vesicae modum liquoris capax remanet. Ubi os diduxeris, linguam educens, integra singillatim faucibus impelles: singula auripigmento convolves. sed caput sublime teneatur, dum singula devorarit. Sub haec autem foenigraeci [fenograeci] aut ptisanae cremor melle dilutus infunditur. ea triduo data vitium extenuabunt, Haec ille. Ad lentigines faciei, Pone in acerrimo aceto ova septem integra, et tandiu dimitte ibi donec exterior testa in modum interioris pelliculae mollescat, et cum eis admisce pulveris sinapis unc. 4. et simul tere et in faciem inunge frequenter, Trotula[6].

In the horse (says Theomnestus in Corpus Hippiatricorum Graecorum - Veterinariae medicinae libri duo) the cough, to which the sultriness or the dust gave rise, is removed with the followings remedies. When  it's growing dark you will soak five eggs with their shells in strong vinegar. At dawn you will check that the external layer has softened, so that they can completely soften: as are accustomed to present themselves those laid early and which are sent forth because of an early delivery of the hens: their wrap, nevertheless not opposing resistance to the touch, remains able to contain the liquid as if it were a bladder. When you will have opened its mouth, taking out its tongue, you will push them entire in the throat one by one: you will cover them one by one with gold colored dye. But the head has to be kept upward until it won't have swallowed them one by one. After them is given a juice of fenugreek or of pearl barley blended in honey. Given for three days they will lessen the illness, these his words. Against the freckles in face: Put in very strong vinegar seven unbroken eggs, and leave them here until the shell has softened like the inner membrane, and mix four ounces [109.12 g] of mustard powder and melt them here together and often apply them on the face, Trotula De Ruggiero.

Ad scabiem pruritumque: Ova gallinae integra in acetum acerrimum demitte per diem noctemque: quae si tria fuerint, ipsis cum putaminibus in eodem aceto contritis adijce sulphuris ignem non experti, arsenici scissilis, uvae taminiae, cerussae, spumae argenti, nerii succi, singulorum unciam unam, olei veteris quantum satis est, omnibus contritis obline in balneo, Galenus Eupor. 3.77. Ova decem in aceto acerrimo macerato, quoad omnis ipsorum testa marcescat et mollescat. Dein coquito ova cum aceto, et luteis ipsorum cum rosaceo et aceto laevigatis, adijce lithargyri unciam semis. Mixta et subacta bene redige ad glutinis crassitudinem et illine, Nicol. Myrepsus.

Against the scabies and the itch: Put for one day and a night intact eggs of hen in very strong vinegar: if they will be three, after having melted them in the same vinegar with shells, add an ounce each [27.28 g] sulphur which didn't know the fire - milk of sulphur -, of flaky arsenic, of taminia grape - black bryony or Tamus communis -, of ceruse, of litharge, of juice of oleander, all the necessary of old oil, and after having crushed apply them taking a bath, Galen - Oribasius - Euporista III,77. Macerate in very strong vinegar ten eggs until their shell didn't become withered and soft. Then cook the eggs with vinegar, and add to their yolks softened with oil of roses and vinegar half a ounce of litharge. After you mixed and kneaded them very well bring them to the consistence of the glue and smear them, Nicolaus Myrepsus.

¶ Pars VII. Remedia aliquot ex ovis permixtis cum aliis diversis remediis efficacioribus. Etsi in praecedentibus etiam remedia aliquot ex ovis memoravimus, ubi ea cum aliis quibusdam miscentur. sunt enim ova (ut ab initio huius capitis dictum est ex Galeno) veluti materia plurimis aliis medicamentis. visum est tamen hoc in loco separatim quaedam recensere, huiusmodi praesertim ubi longe  potentioribus remediis ova adduntur, ita ut prope materiae solum instar eis sint, nec aliud quicquam suapte vi aut minimum conferant. Cum balsamitis (vox videtur corrupta, legerim diversis) rebus mixta ova, multis subveniunt aegritudinibus, Constantinus. Adversus ictus serpentium cocta ova tritaque adiecto nasturtio illinuntur, Plin.[7] Contra fungos gallinarum ova cum posca pota prosunt, addita aristolochiae drachma, Dioscorides[8]. Scabiem corporum ac pruritum oleo et cedria mixtis tollunt: ulcera quoque humida in capite cyclamino admixta, Plinius[9]. Ovaque cum betis prosunt saepe illita tritis, Serenus inter ignis sacri[10] remedia.

Section 7 - Some remedies gotten from eggs mixed with other more effective remedies. Anyway also in previous sections I mentioned some remedies obtainable from the eggs when they are mixed with some other components. In fact the eggs are (as it has been said at the beginning of this chapter), so to speak, the excipient for a lot of other medicines. Nevertheless it seemed me advisable to examine separately some of them in this section, above all those in which the eggs are added to remedies by far powerful, so that they practically represent only the excipient, without absolutely adding nothing with their effectiveness. The eggs mixed to balsamitis (the word seems corrupt, I would read different) things help quite a lot of illnesses, Constantinus Africanus. Hard-boiled eggs and minced with addition of  watercress are applied against the bites of snakes, Pliny. Against the mushrooms are useful the eggs of hen drunk with water and vinegar with the addition of a drachma [3.41 g] of birthwort, Dioscorides. The scabies and the itch of the body are removed by the oil of olive and by the oil of cedar mixed to the egg: mixed to the cyclamen, also the exuding ulcers of the scalp, Pliny. And the eggs are useful if applied with minced beets, Serenus Sammonicus among the remedies against the sacred fire.


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[1] Naturalis historia XXIX,47: Dantur et tussientibus cocta et trita cum melle et cruda cum passo oleique pari modo.

[2] Pierandrea Mattioli in Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei De Materia Medica, 1554, pag. 123 riporta il testo di Dioscoride relativo al sommacco con le seguenti parole: Rhus, quae obsoniis aspergitur, ab aliquibus erithros appellata, [...]. Anche Ippocrate in De morbis mulierum II,181scrive: ῥοῦς ἐρυθρός, sommacco rosso. § Il sostantivo ῥοῦς deriva da ῥέω, scorrere, fluire.

[3] Il sostantivo greco neutro sídion significa scorza di melagrana. La melagrana corrisponde al sostantivo femminile sídë.

[4] Non sapendo a cosa corrispondesse il κύτινος per Galeno, lo traduciamo con calice del fiore di melograno. Secondo Dioscoride corrispondeva invece all'ipocisto.

[5] Naturalis historia XXIX,49: Maceratorum in aceto molliri diximus putamen; talibus cum farina in panem subactis coeliaci recreantur. Quidam ita resoluta in patinis torrere utilius putant, quo genere non alvos tantum, sed et menses feminarum sistunt, aut, si maior sit impetus, cruda cum farina et aqua hauriuntur. Et per se lutea ex iis decocuntur in aceto, donec indurescant, iterumque cum trito pipere torrentur ad cohibendas alvos.

[6] Verosimilmente la ricetta è tratta dal Trotula minor o De ornatu mulierum, un trattato sui cosmetici, le malattie della pelle e la loro cura di Trotula De Ruggiero.

[7] Naturalis historia XXIX,47: [...] adversus ictus serpentium cocta tritaque adiecto nasturtio inlinuntur.

[8] VI,23: Adversus fungos gallinacea ova cum posca proficiunt, adiecta aristolochiae drachma.

[9] Naturalis historia XXIX,47: Tota ova adiuvant partum cum ruta et anetho et cumino pota e vino. Scabiem corporum ac pruritum oleo et cedria admixtis tollunt, ulcera quoque umida in capite cyclamino admixta.

[10] Discussa è l’interpretazione di cosa fosse l’ignis sacer, che magari fu anche chiamato ignis Persicus – fuoco persiano. Umberto Capitani e Ivan Garofalo (Naturalis historia di Plinio, libro XXVIII, Einaudi, 1986) non citano il carbonchio, e puntualizzano che Celso in De medicina V,26,31 e 28,4  fa una distinzione fra erisipela e herpes zoster (o fuoco di Sant’Antonio), per cui il fuoco sacro dovrebbe poter corrispondere all’herpes zoster. Affascinanti problemi insoluti di medicina antica!