Nicandri[1] [454] Scholiastes ova ἀνόστρακα nominat quae sine putamine redduntur. Ostracoderma ova dicuntur putamine contecta testaceo, (ova testea Macrobius dixit[2]) malacoderma vero quae molli obducuntur cute, Caelius. Ἀλλ’ὥσπερ ὠόν νή Δι’ἀπολέψαντα χρὴ | Ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τὸ λέμμα κἀθ’οὕτω φιλεῖν, Aristophanes in Avibus[3] de formosa muliere vel meretrice, quae larvata (personata) in scenam prodierat, quam quidam osculari se cupere dixerat. Lecython, id est vitellum ovi quidam sic dictum conijciunt, διὰ τὸ λέπει κεύθεσθαι. Videtur et pro putamine lecythos accipi Artemidoro, nisi potius corrupta est lectio, ut superius dictum est[4]. Annara (alibi Amiantus) id est testa ovorum unde pulli excluduntur, Sylvaticus.

The scholiast of Nicander names anóstraka the eggs laid without shell. Are called ostracoderma the eggs covered by an earthenware-like shell (Macrobius wrote testea - instead of testacea), but are named malacoderma those covered by a soft wrapping, Lodovico Ricchieri. All'høsper øón në Di'apolépsanta chrë | Apò tês kephalês tò lémma kàth'hoútø phileîn - Certainly, by Zeus, but it needs that from the head the peel is removed as if she were an egg and then to kiss her, Aristophanes in Birds about a woman or whore of beautiful aspect who bewitched (masked) had appeared on the scene, and a fellow had said that he want to kiss her. The lékythos, that is the yolk of the egg, some people think that is so called since it is hidden thanks to the shell - dià tò lépei keúthesthai. It seems that by Artemidorus Daldianus lékythos is meant as shell, unless the text is wrong. Annara (in other points amiantus), that is the shell of the egg from which the chicks are hatched, Matteo Silvatico.

¶ Algarichi sunt cortices (membranae potius) subtiles interiores ovorum et arundinum, Andr. Bellunensis. Hippocrates ὑμένας vocat in libro de nat. pueri.

¶ Algarichi are the thin internal peels (or better, the membranes) of eggs and reeds, Andrea Alpago. Hippocrates in the book De natura pueri calls them hyménas - films, membranes.

¶ c. Ovum in testatis, (ut ostreis, echinis, pectinibus) improprie vocatur. tale enim quid est, quale est pingue in sanguineo genere cum vigent, Aristot. de partib. 4. 5.[5] ¶ Incubare ovis vel pullis gallina dicitur plerunque cum dativo: Plinius libro 9.[6] cum accusativo etiam dixit incubare ova, Graece ἐπώζειν Aristophanes, Athenaeus ἐπωάζειν, Porphyrius θάλπειν. Ἐπικαθεζεμένης τῆς μητρός θερμαίνεται τὸ ὠόν, Hippocrates in libro de nat. pueri. Ἤ καὶ ἀφαυρά | Τέκνα τιθαιβώσσουσιν ὑπὸ πλευρῇσι θέρουσαι, Nicander. ¶ Exeunt ova a rotundissima sui parte dum pariuntur, Plinius[7]. Idem gallinas incubantes dixit ova excludere, et foetum educere[8]. Aves ex ovis excudunt pullos, Cicero 2. de nat.[9] Varro[10] etiam et Columella[11] ova excludere dixerunt, et anserculum excussum. Καὶ ὁπόταν ἡ ὄρνις αἴσθηται τὸν νεοττόν κινηθέντα ἰσχυρῶς, κολάψασα ἐξέλεψεν, Hippocrates. Οἱ ἄῤῥενες τῶν περιστερῶν ταῖς θηλείαις συνεκλέπουσι τὰ ὠά, Porphyrius libro 3. de abstinendo ab animatis. Ἐκβάλλειν τοὺς νεοττούς, et ἐκγλύφειν τὰ ὠά legimus apud Varinum in Alcyone. et in eadem significatione ἐκκολάπτειν verbum in Lexico Graecolatino vulgari: et nomen ἐκκόλαψις τῶν ὠῶν.

¶ c. It is improperly said egg in the animals endowed with shell (as oysters, sea urchins, pectens - clams of the order Ostreoida). In fact it is something similar to what the fat is in blooded animals, Aristotle in De partibus animalium IV,5. ¶ Mostly it is said that the hen stays above the eggs or the chicks using the dative: Pliny in 9^th book also wrote to incubate the eggs with the accusative, in Greek Aristophanes writes epøzein, Athenaeus epøázein, Porphyry thálpein - to heat, therefore, to brood. Epikathezeménës tês mëtrós thermaínetai tò øòn - the egg of the mother that stays above is heated, Hippocrates in the book De natura pueri. É kaì aphaurá | Tékna tithaibøssousin hypò pleurêisi thérousai - Or they nourish also the weak children heating them under the flanks, Nicander. ¶ The eggs, when laid, they come out with their very rounded end, Pliny. Still he said that brooding hens hatch the eggs and they make the chick to come out. The birds make the chicks to come out of the eggs, Cicero in the 2^nd book of De natura deorum. Also Varro as well as Columella said to hatch the eggs, and the hatched gosling - only Columella. Kaì hopótan hë órnis aísthëtai tòn neottón kinëthénta ischyrøs, kolápsasa exélepsen - And as soon as the hen realizes that the chick stirs with strength, after having given some stroke of beak she removed the shell, Hippocrates. Hoi árrhenes tøn peristerøn taîs thëleíais syneklépousi tà øà - The males of the pigeons help the females to hatch the eggs, Porphyry 3^rd book of De abstinentia ab animalibus. In Varinus at the voice halcyon - alkyøn, perhaps the kingfisher, Alcedo atthis - we read ekbállein toùs neottoús - to make the chicks to go out and ekglýphein tà øá - to hatch the eggs. And with the same meaning the verb ekkoláptein in the common Greek-Latin lexicon, as well as the noun ekkólapsis - breakup of the shell of the eggs - tøn øøn.

¶ Italis  chioccia vocatur gallina quae pullos alit, hoc est glociens vel glocitans. nostris ein Gluggere eadem origine: incubans vero ein Brütere. Illam Latine matricem dixeris, Matricem glocitatricem Grapaldus nominat. Gallina gracillat, Author Philomelae[12]. Gybertus Longolius gallinas crocitantes dixit[13]. Κακκάζειν verbum est Atticum de gallinis vocem {a}edentibus circa partum, Hesychius[14] et Varinus. huic simile est illud nostrum, gaggsen. Vocibus crebrum singultat acutis parturiens, Politianus de gallina[15]. Pollux hoc verbum de Meleagridum voce in usu esse scribit. Ἀλεκτορίς γὰρ βοῶσα συνεχῶς λυπηρόν ἄκουσμα: ὁ δὲ μιμούμενος ἀλεκτορίδα βοῶσαν εὐφραίνει, Plutarchus. Sunt qui hoc dictum inter Germanos instar {paroemiae} <paromoei> usurpent, So mancher schzey / so manches ey thüt unsere henne leggen. hoc est, Gallina nostra toties parit, quoties clamârit. Τὰς ἀλεκτορίδας ἀπέκτειναν, τε μὴ κελαδούσας καὶ ᾀδούσας ἐπὶ τοῖς ὠοῖς μηνύσαι τὸν μοιχόν, Suidas ex innominato. Vinum in quo trigle viva suffocata fuerit, viris impotentiam ad Venerem, mulieribus ut gallinis (ὄρνισι) quoque sterilitatem adfert, Athenaeus[16].

¶ By Italians is called chioccia - mother hen - the hen raising the chicks, that is, that cackling - glociens or glocitans in Latin. By Swiss it is said ein Gluggere that has the same etymology: but the brooding one is said ein Brütere. The former, according to Latin, you should call her as breeder, and Francesco Mario Grapaldi calls her breeder doing the brooding voice. The hen does the brooding voice - gracillat, the author of Philomela. Gisbert Longolius said gaggling hens. Kakkázein - to gaggle, to cackle, to do the voice of the partridge or of the little owl - is an Attic verb related to the hens sending forth a voice when they are about to lay the egg, Hesychius and Varinus. To this is similar that other our term, gaggsen. While is giving birth she hiccups many times with penetrating sounds, Poliziano about the hen. Julius Pollux writes that this verb is used for the voice of guinea-fowls. Alektorís gàr boøsa sunechøs lypërón ákousma: ho dè mimoúmenos alektorída boøsan euphraínei - In fact the hen sending forth without interruption a painful voice: he by imitating the shouting hen cheers up, Plutarch. Among Germans there are some people that would use the following saying as if it were an assonance: So mancher schzey / so manches ey thüt unsere henne leggen. That is: Our hen gives birth so many times she will have shouted. Tàs alektorídas apékteinan, te më keladoúsas kaì aidoúsas epì toîs øoîs mënýsai tòn moichón - They killed the hens, that didn't make noise and didn't sing on the eggs denouncing the seducer, the lexicon Suidas drawing it from an author whose name is unknown. The wine, in which a living tríglë - a mullet - will have been smothered, causes in the males a sexual impotence, to the women as well as to the hens (órnisi) the sterility, Athenaeus.

¶ Ovum ὑπηνέμιον[17], id est subventaneum, aliqui ἀνεμίδιον vocant, ut Plato in Theaeteto, Scholiastes Aristophanis. Eadem et ἀνεμιαῖα vocabant, Athenaeus[18]. Amorem sive Cupidinem Aristophanes in Avibus natum fingit ex ovo hypenemio a Nocte {a}edito. ¶ Semina omnia aliquid in se alimenti continent, quod una cum generandi principio natura profundit, sicut in ovis. Qua de causa non inepte Empedocles, Ova solent excelsis gignere ramis, inquit. (φάσκων ὠοτοκεῖν μακρά δένδρα.) Enimvero natura seminum ovis proxima est, Theophrastus.

¶ The hypënémion egg, that is full of wind, some call it anemídion, as Plato in the dialogue Theaetetus, the scholiast of Aristophanes. They also called anemiaîas these eggs, Athenaeus. Aristophanes in Birds plots the fact that the Love or Cupid is born from an egg full of wind delivered by the goddess Nyx. ¶ All the seeds contain nourishment in themselves, since the nature poured it into them together with the generating principle, as in the eggs. Thence Empedocles correctly says: The eggs are usual to be born from the branches set more aloft (pháskøn øotokeîn makrá déndra - saying that the big plants beget eggs). In truth the constitution of the seeds is very similar to that of the eggs, Theophrastus.

¶ d. Gallinae instar volui congregare filios tuos o Ierusalem, ut pullos sub alas, et noluisti, Matthaei 23[19]. Ut gallina pullos suos sub alas suas, sic vos ego collegi ingratos, Esdrae 4. 1[20]. ¶ Serpentes pinguescunt ovis, Plinius[21].

¶ d. Jerusalem, Jerusalem, how many times have I willed to gather your children as the hen is doing with her chicks under the wings, and you didn’t want it, Matthew 23:37. Like a hen her chicks under the wings, so I gathered you ungrateful persons, Ezra 4.1. ¶ The snakes fatten up with the eggs, Pliny.

¶ e. Qui gallinas alere permultas quaestus causa solerent, Cicero Academicarum libro {3}<2>[22]. Gallinam altilem nominat Macrobius 3. 13[23]. Pascales, id est pascuales, et oves et gallinae appellantur, quod passim pascantur, Festus[24]. Graece nomades dixeris. Ὄρνιθες σιτευτοί vel σιτιστοί nominatur ab Athenaeo libro 14.[25] quae etiam foem. g. efferuntur, σιτευταί, σιτισταί. Plumulae saginandis gallinis vel capis sub cauda et clunibus detrahendae, vulgo dicuntur mastfädern.

¶ e. Who - the inhabitants of Delos - usually reared a lot of hens because of profit, Cicero in the 2^nd book of Academica. Macrobius in Saturnalias III,13 quotes the hen to be fatten up. Pascales are said, that is pascuales - grazing - both the sheep and the hens since they go here and there to pasture, Festus. In Greek you could say nomádes. By Athenaeus in 14^th book they are said well fed chickens - órnithes siteutoí or sitistoí,  also declined in feminine gender, siteutaí, sitistaí. The small feathers we need to remove from undertail coverts and from buttocks of hens to be fatten up or of capons, are usually said mastfädern.

Vocibus interea crebrum singultat acutis | Parturiens coniunx: quae scilicet ova subinde | Tollit anus, signatque dies, vigilem lucernam | Consulit: et Lunae crescentis tempora servans, | Ut primum gallina glocit, numero {impare} <impari> subdit. | Versatisque diu, solers auscultat an intus, | Pipiat involucer pullus, tenerumque putamen | Pertunderit molli rostro, atque erumpere tentet,

Politianus in Rustico.

The partner, while is laying the egg, often sobs with sharp sounds, and of course straight after the old woman takes up those eggs and marks the date, and watches the ever-lighted lantern: and, observing the periods of the growing moon, as soon as a hen clucks she sets an uneven number of eggs under the hen, and after she handled them slowly, skillfully listens if inside the flightless chick is peeping and has broken the tender shell with its soft beak, and if is trying to come out, Poliziano in Rusticus.

¶ Ut equi ferocitatem deponant, pennam gallinae quo volueris modo eis deglutiendam praebe, Eumelus. Graece legitur, Πτερόν ὀρνιθίου οἴνῳ (lego ποίῳ) βούλει πρόπῳ δίδου καταπιεῖν. ¶ Σκιμαλίζειν, tactu minimi digiti experiri an gallinae ova gerant. Vide Varinum, ex Scholiaste Aristoph. in Acharnenses, et Caelium 9. 37.  Aristophanes utitur pro contemnere, ἐξουθενίζειν, χλευάζειν. ¶ Supponere ova gallinis, Cicero[26]. ¶ Gallinarum pullos eo colore enasci aiunt, quo ova incubanda tincta fuerint, ut in libello quodam Germanico manuscripto legimus. Sunt qui ovo inscribunt quaecunque velint intus, quod cortex sit pervius et admittat colores. Gallas cum alumine tritas aceto subige. inde inscribe hoc liquore quod velis cortici: et siccatum impone muriae. vel cera obline ovum, et inscriptis literis stylo, ut cera dehiscat maneantque liturae, in quibus humor imponatur, siccum ovum coquito, donec durescat. inde acri aceto infunde. sic enim literae fiunt penetrabiles, quas cortice detracto videbis in ovo, Cardanus ex Africano in Geoponicis Graecis. 

¶ So that the horses lose the impetuosity, give them to swallow a feather of hen in the way you prefer, Eumelus. In Greek we read: Pterón orníthou oínøi - with wine (I prefer poíøi - in what way) boúlei prótøi dídou katapieîn. ¶ Skimalízein - to sneer at, to kick - means to realize, by touching with the little finger, if the hens have some eggs. See Varinus who takes it from the scholiast of Aristophanes' Acharnians and Lodovico Ricchieri IX,37. For to despise, Aristophanes uses exouthenízein and chleuázein. ¶ To put the eggs under the hens, Cicero in De natura deorum. ¶ They say that the chicks of the hens are hatching with the color by which the eggs to be incubated have been soaked, as I read in a little German manuscript. There are some people writing inside the egg whatever they want, since the shell would be permeable and would allow the colors to pass. Dip in vinegar some gallnuts minced with alum. Then write what you desires on the shell using this liquid; and after it dried, put the former in brine. Or smear the egg with wax, and after having written the letters with a stylus, so that the wax opens and the letters remain, on which the liquid is put, cook the egg when it is dry until became hard, then put it in strong vinegar. In fact in this way the letters become penetrable and you will see them inside the egg after having removed the shell. Gerolamo Cardano reports this drawing it from the text of Sextus Julius Africanus contained in Greek Geoponica.