¶ Gallinarium  Graece ὀρνιθῶνα vocârim, ad verbum aviarium dixeris. sed illi cum omnem avem, tum gallum gallinamque per excellentiam ornin nominant. Itali hodie vulgo pullarium appellant, Calepinus. In villa est pastionis genus, quod appellant Graeci Ὀρνιθῶνας, καὶ περιστερεῶνας, Varro[1]. Ὀρνιθονομεῖον, τὸ τὰς ὄρνιθας ἔχον οἴκημα, Suidas. Latine etiam aviaria appellantur, ubi cicures atque omnia genera avium segregata farcirentur. Hoc et ὀρνιθοβοσκεῖον Varroni dicitur. Μέταυλος, ἡ ῥυπαρὰ λεγομένη αὐλή, οὗ ὄρνιθες ἦσαν, apud Aristophanem, Varinus. Πέταυρον Grapaldus ex Polluce interpretatur caveam, in quam se cortis alites cubitum iturae recipiunt. Πέταυρον Aristophanes nominat οὗ τοὺς ἐνοικίδιους ὄρνιθας ἐγκαθεύδειν συμβέβηκε, Pollux lib. 10. Verum, ut ego conijcio, non gallinarium totum petaurum nominari debet, sed tabula vel asser (σανίς, Varinus,) quasi πέτευδον, παρὰ τὸ εὔδειν ἐν αὐτῷ τὰ πετεινά. dicuntur etiam πέταυρα, asserculi (σανίδια, nimirum quas Latine scandulas dicimus) quibus aedium tecta teguntur, ἐν οἷς στεγάζομεν τὰ ὀσπήτια[2]. quibus hospitia, voce a Latinis sumpta, teguntur,) quod propter levitatem facile ad auras et flatus volitent. Scribitur et πέτευρον Varino, et exponitur tabella tenuis et oblonga, qualis aedium tectis pro lateribus adhibetur. Αἰθαλόεν πέταυρον aliqui trabem interpretantur, etc. Οὐδ’ὁπότ’ὀρτάλιχοι μινυροί ποτί κοῖτον ὁρῶεν | Σεισαμένας πτερὰ ματρὸς ἐπ’αἰθαλόεντι πετεύρῳ, Theocritus Idyl. 13. Ταῥῤὸς, μετέωρόν τι ἰκρίον, ἐφ’ᾧ ἀλεκτορίδες κοιμῶνται, Varinus. Κοττάναθρον, ἔνθα οἱ ὄρνιθες κοιμῶνται, Hesych. Κοττὸν supra[3] gallinaceum interpretati sumus.. ¶ Ratio cohortalis, quam Graeci vocant ὀρνιθοτροφίαν, Columella[4].

¶ If I would call in Greek the poultry pen as ornithôna, it is like you would mean the word aviary. But they - the Greeks - not only whatever bird, but are calling also the rooster and the hen as the órnis - the bird - for excellence. Today the Italians call it pollaio, Ambrogio Calepino. In the farm is existing a genus of breeding called by Greeks as ornithônas kaì peristerônas - aviaries and dovecots, Varro. Ornithonomeîon, tò tàs órnithas échon oíkëma - ornithonomeîon is the structure hosting the birds, lexicon Suidas. In Latin are also said aviaria those structures in which the domestic birds and whatever kind of bird are separately fattened. This structure in Varro is also said ornithoboskeîon. Métaulos, hë rhyparà legoménë aulë, hoû órnithes ësan - métaulos is the central part of courtyard, the so-called filthy dwelling, where the birds were, in Aristophanes, Varinus. Francesco Mario Grapaldi, basing himself on Julius Pollux, translates pétauron – perching pole, shelf, boarding - with enclosure, in which the courtyard fowls withdrawn when are about to go to sleep. Aristophanes calls pétauron the place where the domestic fowls go to sleep - hoû toús enoikídious órnithas enkatheúdein symbébëke, Julius Pollux in 10^th book of Onomastikón. But, in my opinion, not the whole poultry pen has to be called pétauron, but the boarding or the pole (sanís - plank, Varinus) as to say that the fowls jumped on it to sleep - péteudon parà tò eúdein en autø_i tà peteiná. They are also called pétaura, battens (sanídia, that is, those we call in Latin as scandulae) by which the roofs of houses are covered, en hoîs stegázomen tà ospëtia - by which we cover the houses. By which, with a term borrowed from Latins, the hospices are covered, and are said pétaura since because of their lightness easily fly if air and wind are blowing. In Varinus it is also written as péteuron, and is translated as a thin and lengthened plank like that used for houses' roofs in place of bricks. Some translate with beam aithalóen pétauron - smoked pole, etc. Oud'hopot'ortálichoi minuroí potí koî ton horôen | Seisaménas pterà matròs ep'aithalóenti peteúrø_i - never the peeping chicks look toward the pallet, the worried mother's wings on the smoked pole, Theocritus 13^th Idyll. Tarròs, metéørón ti ikríon, eph'hôi alektorídes koimôntai, - the hurdle, a kind of boarding lifted from earth, on which the chickens sleep Varinus. Kottánathron, éntha hoi órnithes koimôntai, - kottánathron, where the chickens sleep, Hesychius. Before we translated kottòs with rooster. ¶ The breeding of chickens, which Greeks call ornithotrophía, Columella.

¶ Ὠὰ ἀλεκτόρεια, id est gallinacea ova, Synesius in epistolis. Ὀρνίθεια κρέα, id est gallinaceae carnes, Xenophon lib. 4. Anabas.

¶ Øà alektóreia, that is, eggs of hen, Synesius of Cyrene in the letters. Ornítheia kréa, that is meat of chicken, Xenophon in 4^th book of Anabasis.

¶ Stirpes. Cunila gallinacea, non alia herba est quam quae origanum Heracleoticum Graecis vocatur, Plinio teste[5]. Ruellius sic dictam putat quod a gallinis pascatur. In Ponto (inquit Plautus[6]) absinthium fit et cunila gallinacea.

¶ Plants. The cunila gallinacea - savory - is a herb not different from that called by Greeks as oregano of Heraclea - Origanum vulgare ssp. viridulum Nyman - as Pliny testifies. Jean Ruel believes that it is so called since is eaten by hens. In the Pontus (Plautus says) grows the absinthe and the cunila gallinacea.

¶ Alectorolophos, quae apud nos crista dicitur, folia habet similia gallinacei cristae, Plin.[7] Sylvaticus gallitricum vel centrum galli vulgo dictum interpretatur, cuius semen (inquit, oculis immissum) caliginem ad se trahit. Eandem alibi scarleam vocat, (ut nostri scharlach) quod visus claritatem renovet. Et alibi, Eraclea (Heraclea) est (inquit) quae Latine ferraria nigra vocatur: quam recentiores centrum galli, et gallitricum sylvestre vocant. Videtur autem de sideritide Heraclea sentire, quam hodie eruditi quidam herbam Iudaicam vel tetrahit Arabice et vulgo herbariorum dictam esse putant: quibus ego quoque potius assenserim. Etsi illa etiam quam polemonium Ruellius facit, pulchre cum Dioscoridis descriptione[8] facere videtur. Vulgare quidem gallitrici nomen, a galli crista corruptum videtur. Inter verbenacae etiam nomenclaturas apud Dioscoridem crista gallinacea legitur[9]. Τζεντογάλη nominatur apud Nic. Myrepsum[10] unguento 62.

¶ The alectorolophos, which among us is said comb - Rhinanthus crista-galli / cockscomb, has the leaves similar to the comb of a rooster, Pliny. Matteo Silvatico translates it with gallitricum - or Salvia sclarea, or Clary sage – otherwise commonly called spur of rooster, and says that its seed (put in eyes) attracts to itself the dimming of sight. In another passage he calls it scarlea (as ours call it scharlach) since restores the clearness of the sight. And in another point he says: the Eraclea (Heraclea) is that called in Latin as ferraria nigra - black iron mine, which the most recent herbalists call spur of rooster and wild Clary sage. In reality it seems that he want to mean the Common hemp nettle - Galeopsis tetrahit, and today some learned people think that also by common herbalists it is said Jewish herb or tetrahit in Arabic: and I also would agree with them. Even though that herb which Jean Ruel is naming as polemonium - Polemonium caeruleum or Greek valerian - seems perfectly corresponding to the description of Dioscorides. In reality the common name of gallitricum seems to be a corruption of cockscomb - Rhinanthus crista-galli. In Dioscorides the cockscomb also appears among the nomenclatures of the verbena. The tzentogálë is quoted in Nicolaus Myrepsus as component of the ointment n. 62.

¶ Gallitricus (lego Galli crus) id est sanguinaria, eo quod naribus imposita, sanguinem suaviter fluere facit. Nascitur circa vias et saxosis locis. Habet in summitate velut pedes galli, Sylvaticus. Plura leges de hac herba in Bove H. C. et in Cornice a. Capnos sive capnion, hoc est fumus, duplex. alia Dioscoridi descripta, nascens in hortis et segetibus hordeaceis: alia et nomine et effectu similis, quam pedes gallinaceos vocant (teste Plinio[11]) in parietibus et sepibus genitam, ramis tenuissimis sparsisque, flore purpureo, ut inquit Plinius: quam nonnulli modo cymbalarem vulgo dictam, nescio quam recte interpretantur, folio hederae, praetenui, ut in cotyledone commonuimus, Hermolaus Corollario 724. ubi etiam mox crassissimum illorum errorem reprehendit, qui ex eo quod capnon Plinius Latine pedes gallinaceos vocari scribit, capnon etiam a Dioscoride monstratum, non aliud genus esse putant, quam quae vulgo sanguinaria et galli crus dicitur. quae gramini (inquit) tam similis est, ut ab eo forte non admodum seiungi possit: nisi quod folio minore cernitur, et fibris potius quam radice nititur. Id autem quod in utroque summo frutice trifarin ({trifarium} <trifariam>) gallinacei pedis imitationem habet, candidius in hac quam in gramine conspicitur. Et alibi, Cotyledon non est, ut quidam rentur, quae vulgo cymbalaris appellatur, etiamsi cymbalion a Dioscoride vocetur. est autem cymbalaris herba folio tenus anguloso, hederaceo, flore parvo, purpureo, in muris terrae nascens, quam quidem nonnulli genus alterum capni dictae faciunt, Haec ille.

¶ The gallitricus (I read galli crus - leg of rooster), that is, the sanguinaria - Digitaria sanguinalis / Large Crabgrass, since when put in nostrils makes the blood escape with delicacy. It sprouts at the edges of the roads and in stony places. At the top it shows something like feet of rooster, Matteo Silvatico. You will read more data on this herb in the chapter devoted to the ox, paragraph H-C and in the paragraph a of the crow. The capnos or capnion - the fumitory - is of two kinds. One described by Dioscorides, sprouting in gardens and in barley's fields: the other, similar both for name and effect, and which they call feet of rooster (witness is Pliny) sprouted on walls and enclosures, with very slender and scattered stems, with a crimson flower, as Pliny says: and that one which sometimes is commonly said Kenilworth ivy - Linaria cymbalaria - I don't know how much correctly some are identifying it, with a very thin leaf as the ivy, as we also remembered when speaking of Navelworth - Cotyledon umbilicus-Veneris, Ermolao Barbaro in Corollariorum libri quinque, 724. And here he immediately blames also the very coarse mistake of those people who, being that Pliny writes that in Latin the fumitory is called feet of rooster, labeled as fumitory - capnos - also by Dioscorides, are believing that it is not a different genus from that commonly called sanguinaria or Large Crabgrass and foot of rooster: which (he says) is so similar to couch grass, that perhaps it cannot be distinguished at all from the latter: except the fact that it distinguishes itself because of a smaller leaf and that is standing on fibers rather than on a root. Being that on the top of both stems there is an imitation of a foot of rooster consisting of three parts, in the sanguinaria it has a more whitish appearance in comparison with couch grass. And elsewhere: the Navelworth - Cotyledon umbilicus-Veneris - is not, as some are thinking, that commonly called Kenilworth ivy, although it is called cymbalion by Dioscorides. In fact the Kenilworth ivy is a herb with a rather spiky leaf, similar to ivy, with a small flower, crimson, sprouting on walls made with earth, which in reality some think to be a different genus from the so-called capnos - fumitory. These are his words.

Vulgaris quidem apud nos haec herba est, et lactis etiam nonnihil habet, flosculo calathiformi ex purpureo ad coeruleum inclinante, radice alba dulci, ut rapulo sylvestri congener videatur. oculis a quibusdam utilis creditur, nimirum ut capnos quoque, ut ab eodem effectu nomen idem contigerit. foliorum species per aetatem mutatur ex rotundiori in longam. quae vero eius pars pedes gallinaceos referat, non facile dixerim, nisi forte mucrones illi in quos dividitur calyx qui florem sustinet, eos repraesentare dicantur, praesertim cum flos deciderit aut aruerit. tunc enim in diversa tensi rigentesque magis apparent.

Actually this herb is common among us and has also some milk, with a small calyx shaped flower with a color verging from crimson to blue, with a white root, sweet, so that it seems belonging to the same genus of the wild radish. By some people is believed useful for eyes, just like also the fumitory is, so that it obtained the same name because of the same effect. With lapse of time the aspect of the leaves changes from roundish to lengthened. But I don't can easily say what part of it is remembering the feet of the chickens, except to say that perhaps are representing them those tips in which the calyx sustaining the flower is subdividing itself, overall when the flower fell or dried. In fact in that moment the tips appear more turning and rising in opposite directions.

¶ Apud Dioscoridem inter thlaspeos etiam nomenclaturas pes gallinaceus legitur. Item caucalis (apud eundem) tum eodem nomine, tum pes pulli vocatur: nimirum quod extremum folium in gallinae pedem conformetur, ut Ruellius[12] scribit. Portulaca Macro etiam pes pulli dicitur, Sylvaticus. Adamus Lonicerus tertiam aizoi speciem Germanice interpretatur[13], Hünerbeer, Hünertruben.[14]

¶ In Dioscorides, among the various names attributed to the Thlaspi, also foot of chicken is read. Likewise the Caucalis (in Dioscorides) sometimes is called with the same name, sometimes is said foot of chick: obviously because the ending part of the leaf is shaped like a foot of hen, as Jean Ruel writes.  The common purslane is also said foot of chick by Floridus Macer, Matteo Silvatico. Adam Lonitzer translates into German the third species of everlasting plant with Hünerbeer, Hünertruben.

¶ Herba quam pro aristolochia rotunda pharmacopolae Germani hactenus falso acceperunt, a quibusdam Germanice Hanensporn, id est calcar gallinacei, a floris figura, nominatur.

¶ That herb till now wrongly taken by German apothecaries instead of Snakeroot, by some in German is said Hanensporn, that is, spur of rooster, from the feature of the flower.

¶ Alsine herba Graecis dicta, vulgo morsus gallinae et passerina a quibusdam nominatur, Germanis Hünerdarm, Hünerherrb, Vogelkraut. ea cum caeteris avibus tum gallinis grata et salubris, et fastidii remedium [404] existimatur: ut helxine etiam, qua Plinius[15] gallinaceos scribit annuum fastidium purgare, si modo non errore aliquo factum est ut helxine pro alsine scriberetur.

¶ The grass called alsine by Greeks, is commonly said bite of hen and by some people – e.g. by Castilians - passerine, by Germans is said Hünerdarm, Hünerherrb, Vogelkraut. It is pleasant and healthy for both all other birds and hens, and is believed a remedy against lack of appetite: as also the helxine - perhaps the alsine - and Pliny writes that thanks to it the chickens remove the yearly arising inappetence, unless because of some mistake it happened that they wrote helxine instead of alsine.