Barbur, ברבור, 3. Reg. 4.[1] David Kimhi ex magistrorum sententia ait esse aves quae afferantur ex Barbaria, R. Salomon gallos pingues, Kimhi addit castratos. Iosephus volatilia vertit, [380] Hieronymus avium altilium, Septuaginta ἐκλεκτῶν, (quasi legerint, barur, id est electus:) Chaldaeus avem saginatam vel altilem. Gaber vel geber, גבר, Esaiae [Isaiae] 22. (Ecce dominus asportari te faciet, sicut asportatur gallus gallinaceus, interprete Hieronymo.) Septuaginta et pl{a}erique Hebraeorum virum interpretati sunt, (quidam תרנגולא, tarnegula, id est gallinaceum, teste David Kimhi in Commentariis,) Chaldaeus gabera, גברא, id est virum. Sarsir, זרזיר, Proverbiorum 30[2], varie exponunt, Hieronymus gallum, vide in Aquila A. Quis posuit in renibus sapientiam, aut quis dedit cordi (ut Munsterus vertit Iob. 38.[3] Hebraice legitur שכוי, sekui) intelligentiam? Sunt (inquit Munsterus) apud Hebraeos, qui vocem sekui, tarnegul (תרנגול, vocem Chaldaicam[4] esse conijcio, cuius ultima syllaba Germanicae galli nomenclaturae congruit) id est gallum interpretantur. David Kimhi, Abraham Esre, Chaldaicum Thargum utrunque, R. Symeon ben Lakis in Thalmud, et R. Moses in Commentariis in Job gallum reddunt: Hieronymus itidem. Septuaginta ποικιλτικήν. Eruditus quidam apud nos mavult cum R. Levi animae potentiam imaginativam intelligere. Munsterus in Lexico trilingui pro gallo scribit etiam סכוי, sikui: et pro gallina סכויא, sakuia. Et rursus pro gallo nergal, נרגל: et habur, הבור, quarum vocum prior ad tarnegul accedit, posterior ad gaber. Gallum hodie Saracenis dic appellari quidam literis prodidit. Avicennae caput 296. lib. 2. inscribitur Giaziudiuch, interpres Latinus vertit de gallinis et gallo. Gigeg, gallina vel gallus, Sylvaticus. Adicasugeg, (Aduzaruzegi, Vetus Glossographus Avicennae) gallus vel gallina, Idem. Furogi vel furogigi, gallus, Idem.

Barbur in the First Book  of Kings 5,2. David Kimhi, according to the teachers' opinion, says that they are birds which would be imported from Barbary, Rabbi Salomon says fat roosters, Kimhi adds castrated. Iosephus translates with birds, St. Jerome birds to be fatten up, the Septuagint with eklektôn, (as they had read barur, that is, chosen): the Syro-Chaldaic dictionary with fattened up bird or to be fatten up. Gaber or geber in Isaiah 22 (Lo the Lord will make you taken away as a rooster is taken away, translator is St. Jerome) Septuagint and most of Hebrews translated it with man - male, (some translate with tarnegula, that is rooster, as David Kimhi testifies in Commentaries), the Syro-Chaldaic dictionary reports gabera, that is man - male. They translate sarsir of Proverbs 30,31 in different ways: St. Jerome with rooster, see apropos of the eagle, paragraph A. Who has put in loins the wisdom, or who has given to the heart (as Sebastian Münster translates Job 38, in Hebrew there is sekui) the intelligence? Among Hebrews (Sebastian Münster says) there are some translating the word sekui into tarnegul, that is, rooster (I think it is a Chaldean word, whose last syllable agrees with the German nomenclature of rooster). David Kimhi, Abraham Esre, both Chaldean Targum, Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish in Talmud and Rabbi Moses in Commentaries of Job translate with rooster: the same does St. Jerome. Septuagint with poikiltikën, art of embroidery. An our erudite prefers to mean, along with Rabbi Levi, the imaginative power of the soul. Sebastian Münster in the trilingual lexicon for the rooster also writes sikui and sakuia for the hen. And again nergal and habur for the rooster, the first of these voices being close to tarnegul, the second to gaber. Someone has handed down in writing that today by Saracens the rooster is called dic. The chapter 296 of the second book of Avicenna is entitled Giaziudiuch, and the Latin translator renders with Concerning the hens and the rooster. Gigeg is the hen or the rooster, Matteo Silvatico. Adicasugeg, (Aduzaruzegi, for the ancient glossographus of Avicenna) is the rooster or the hen, still Matteo Silvatico. Even for him furogi or furogigi is the rooster.

Gallus apud veteres Graecos ἀλέκτωρ vel ἀλεκτρυών dicebatur: et hodie etiamnum ἀλέκτωρ vel ἀλέκτορας, Italice gallo. Gallice un cocq, gau, geau, gal, cog. Hispanice gallo. Germanice, Hahn/ Hausshahn/ Gul/ Güggel. Nam vocabulum Hün atsi pro gallina fere usurpatur, tamen communius est ad omne gallinaceum genus. Anglice cok. Illyrice kokot.

Among ancient Greeks the rooster was said aléktør or alektryøn: and still nowadays it is called aléktør or aléktoras, in Italian gallo. In French un cocq, gau, geau, gal, cog. In Spanish gallo. In German, Hahn, Hausshahn, Gul, Güggel. In fact the word Hün even if used mostly in the meaning of hen, nevertheless is more commonly used for the whole gallinaceous genus. In English it is cok, in Illyric kokot.

B.

B

Et primum [5] De Gallis sive Gallinis quae a regionibus et locis denominantur, nec aliter a villaticis communibus differunt quam magnitudine, aut etiam pugnacitate.

About roosters or hens named after regions and places, and not differing from the common ones of courtyard unless in size, or also for combativeness.

Hadrianae gallinae (Ἀδριανικαί[6], nimirum a regione, non ut Niphus[7] suspicatur quod forte ab Adriano Imperatore observatae sint, vixit enim Adrianus multo post Aristotelis tempora) parvo quidem sunt corpore, sed quotidie pariunt, ferociunt tamen, et pullos saepe interimunt, color his varius, Aristot[8]. Et alibi[9], Multa admodum pariunt. fit enim propter corporis exiguitatem, ut alimentum ad partionem sumptitetur. Hadrianis laus maxima (circa foecunditatem,) Plinius[10]. Adrianas sive Adriaticas gallinas (τοὺς Ἀδριατικοὺς ὄρνιθας) Athenienses alere student, quanquam nostris inutiliores, utpote multo minores. Adriatici vero contra nostras accersunt, Chrysippus apud Athenaeum lib.7[11]. Gallinae quaedam Adriani regis vocantur, quae apud nos dicuntur gallinae magnae, et sunt magni oblongi corporis, abundant apud Selandos et Hollandos, et ubique in Germania inferiore. Pariunt quotidie, minime benignae in pullos suos, quos saepe interficiunt. Colores earum sunt diversi, sed apud nos frequentius sunt albae, aliae aliorum colorum. Pulli earum diu iacent sine pennis, Albertus. sed hae forsitan Medicae potius vel Patavinae gallinae fuerint. Gallinae Adrianae non magno et oblongo corpore sunt, ut somniavit Albertus, sed contra ut Aristoteles et Ephesius tradiderunt, Niphus. Gyb. Longolius Germanice interpretatur Leihennen, Variae sunt (inquit) rostro candidiusculo. pulli earum columbarum pipiones colore referunt. Ab Adriaticis mercatoribus primum in Graeciam advectae videntur, et inde nomen tulisse. Quod autem ferocire Aristoteles eas scribit, factum esse puto ob patriae mutationem, cum in calidiores regiones devectae et ferventioris ingenii redditae sunt, Haec ille. Varro[12] Africanas, quas non alias esse constat quam Hadrianas, varias et grandes facit, Turnerus. Ego Africanas ab Adrianis multum differre puto, cum Numidicis vero easdem esse. Hispanus quidam amicus noster gallinam Adrianam, Hispanice gallina enana nominat. nimirum quod corpore nana et pumila sit, quale genus in Helvetia apud nos audio nominari Schotthennen, alibi Erdhennle, alibi Däsehünle. Sed Gyb. Longolius gallinas p{l}umilas Germanice vocat kriel[13]. Vulgares sunt (inquit) et passim extant. per terram reptant claudicando potius quam incedendo. Licebit autem gallinaceos huius generis pumiliones, gallinas pumilas cum Columella nominare. sunt enim in omni animantium genere nani, ut dixit Theophrastus. Pumiliones, alias pumilas, aves, nisi quem humilitas earum delectat, nec propter foecunditatem, nec propter alium reditum nimium probo, Columella[14]. Est et pumilionum genus non sterile in {iis} <his>, quod non in alio genere alitum, sed quibus {certa} <centra> foecunditas rara et incubatio ovis noxia, Plinius[15].

The Hadrianae hens (Adrianikaí, evidently from a region, not as Agostino Nifo hypothesizes, that is, because perhaps they would have been observed by Hadrian emperor; in fact Hadrian lived very afterwards the times of Aristotle) are in fact of small body, but they lay every day, nevertheless they become aggressive, and often kill the chicks, they are varicolored, Aristotle. And in another treatise: They lay a lot of eggs. In fact because of their small body it happens that the food is used for the procreation. To the Hadrianae goes the greatest praise (apropos of the fecundity), Pliny. The Athenians do their best in raising Hadrianae or Adriatic hens (toùs Adriatikoùs órnithas), despite they are more useless than ours, since they are very smaller. But, on the contrary, the peoples of the Adriatic sea are getting ours, Chrysippus in Athenaeus, book VII. Some hens are called of Hadrian king, those that among us are called big hens, and they are of great and oblong build, they are abundant among inhabitants of Zeeland and Holland, and anywhere in the province of Germania Inferior. They lay every day, they are not fond towards their chicks at all, and often kill them. Their color is various, and among us more often are white, others of other colors. Their chicks remain for a long time without feathers, Albertus Magnus. But perhaps these would have been hens of Media, or better, of Padua. Hadrianae hens are not of big and oblong body, as day-dreamed Albertus, but the contrary, as handed down Aristotle and the Ephesinus - Michael of Ephesus, Agostino Nifo writes this. Gisbert Longolius translates them in German with Leihennen - laying hens, and he says: They are of different colors with a whitish beak. Their chicks remind in color the chicks of pigeons. It seems that they were brought the first time in Greece by the merchants of the Adriatic sea, and that they were named after this. On the other hand, since Aristotle writes that they become aggressive, I think that this happened for a change of their origin's place, since moved to warmer regions they also became of more fiery nature, these are the words of Longolius. Varro defines variegated and big the African ones, and they are nothing else than the Hadrianae, William Turner. I think that the Africans are quite different from Hadrianae, and that the former are corresponding to the hens of Numidia. A Spanish friend of mine calls in Spanish gallina enana the Hadriana hen: certainly because it is dwarf and small in build, that breed which among us in Switzerland I hear is called Schotthennen, elsewhere Erdhennle, elsewhere Däsehünle. But Gisbert Longolius in Dutch calls kriel the dwarf hens. He says: they are common and are found everywhere. They crawl on earth limping rather than walking. Therefore it will be right to call, as Columella does, gallinae pumilae the dwarf chickens of this kind. In fact among the whole animal kingdom there are dwarfs, as Theophrastus said. Dwarf hens, except that someone likes their small size, I don't appreciate them excessively neither for their fertility nor for whatever other profit, Columella. There is also a dwarf breed not sterile among these, not present in other species of birds, but those with spurs are infrequently fertile and their brooding is harmful to eggs, Pliny.

Apud Tanagraeos duo genera gallorum sunt, hi machimi, (id est pugnaces, vel praeliares, ut Hermolaus) vocantur, alii cossyphi. Cossyphi magnitudine Lydas gallinas aequant, colore similes corvis (coracino, hinc cossyphi nimirum dicti quod merularum instar atri coloris sint:) barbam et cristam habent instar anemones, (calcaria et apex {anemonae} <anemones> floris macula<e>[16] modo rubent, Hermol.) Candida item signa exigua in rostro supremo et caudae extremitate, Pausanias in Boeoticis[17] interprete Loeschero. Ad pugillatum atque praelia, Graeci e Boeotia Tanigricas, item Rhodias, (ut Athenaeus, Columella, Martialis,) nec minus Chalcidicas et Medicas probavere. quidam Alexandrinas in Aegypto, Hermolaus. Tanagrici, Medici et Chalcidici, sine dubio sunt pulchri, et ad praeliandum inter se maxime idonei, sed ad partus sunt steriliores, Varro[18].

Among the inhabitants of Tanagra there are two kinds of roosters, the former are called machimi (that is warlike or for fighting, as Ermolao Barbaro translates), the latter are called cossyphi - blackbirds. The cossyphi equal in size the hens of Lydia, in color they are similar to the crows (corvine colored, that is why clearly are said cossyphi being dark colored as the blackbirds are): they have the beard – wattles - and the comb like the anemone (Ermolao gives: the spurs and the comb glow red as a stain of anemone's flower). Similarly introduces some small white marks at the tip of the beak and at the extremity of the tail, Pausanias, in Boeotia, translated by Abraham Löscher. The Greeks appreciated for clash and cockfighting the chickens of Tanagra in Boeotia, as those from Rhodes (as Athenaeus, Columella, Martial), as well as those of Chalcis and Media. Some those of Alexandria in Egypt, Ermolao. The chickens of Tanagra, Media and Chalcis are without doubt beautiful and very skilled in fighting each other, but rather unproductive regarding offspring, Varro.